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Title Page
Contents
ABSTRACT 10
Chapter 1. Literature Review 12
1.1. Introduction 12
1.2. Fertility Problems 17
1.3. Heart and Cardiovascular Disease 20
1.4. Liver Abnormalities 23
1.5. Kidney Abnormalities 27
1.6. Skeletal Abnormalities and Short Stature 30
1.7. Brain Abnormalities 34
1.8. Relevance to X Chromosome Inactivation and Escape Genes 38
1.9. Conclusions 40
Chapter 2. Gene Expression Signature in TS-iPSC Derived Vascular Smooth Muscle cells and Blood Vascular Organoids 41
2.1. Introduction 41
2.2. Materials and method 43
2.2.1. Fibroblast culture and iPSCs generation 43
2.2.2. Karyotype analysis 43
2.2.3. Gene Expression Analysis using RNA Isolation and quantitative RT-PCR 43
2.2.4. Immunocytochemistry 44
2.2.5. Teratoma formation 44
2.2.6. Differentiation of iPSCs into Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (VSMCs) 45
2.2.7. Generation of Blood Vessel Organoids 45
2.2.8. RNA Sequencing 45
2.2.9. Sequence Read Processing 46
2.2.10. Single cell RNA Sequencing and analysis 47
2.2.11. Statistical Analysis 47
2.3. Results 49
2.3.1. Generation and Characterization of Turner Syndrome iPSCs 49
2.3.2. Global Gene Expression Patterns of Fibroblasts and iPSCs 53
2.3.3. Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Differentiation using TS iPSCs 61
2.3.4. Transcriptome Analysis of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Differentiated from TS iPSCs 64
2.3.5. Derivation of Vascular Organoids from TS iPSCs and their characteristics 71
2.3.6. Single Cell Transcriptome Analyses of Control and Turner Human Blood Vessel Organoids 75
2.3.7. Exploring X Chromosome Escape Genes in BVOs Clusters 80
2.4. Discussion 82
References 85
Abstract (in Korean) 112
〈Figure 1-1〉 Various karyotypes of TS modified from Huang et al. 14
〈Figure 2-1〉 Characterization of Turner Syndrome iPSC. 50
〈Figure 2-2〉 Morphological Features, Pluripotency Marker Expression, and Comparative Analysis with Wild-Type iPSCs. 51
〈Figure 2-3〉 Teratoma Formation Assay Revealing Three Germ Layer Differentiation Potential. 52
〈Figure 2-4〉 Comparison of Global Gene Expression Patterns between WT and TS Samples. 55
〈Figure 2-5〉 Comparison of Gene Expression Patterns between Samples. 56
〈Figure 2-6〉 Pluripotency and Fibroblast Marker Expression. 57
〈Figure 2-7〉 Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of fibroblasts in TS. 58
〈Figure 2-8〉 Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of iPSCs in TS. 59
〈Figure 2-9〉 Differentially Expressed Genes between TS and WT fibroblasts and iPSCs. 60
〈Figure 2-10〉 Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell (VSMC) Differentiation. 62
〈Figure 2-11〉 Mitochondrial Morphology and Metabolic Analysis. 63
〈Figure 2-12〉 Transcriptomic Profiling of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (VSMCs). 66
〈Figure 2-13〉 Distinct Gene Expression in VSMCs. 67
〈Figure 2-14〉 Expression patterns of X-linked Genes in VSMCs derived from different origins. 68
〈Figure 2-15〉 Differentially expressed X-linked genes between control and TS-VSMCs. 69
〈Figure 2-16〉 Comparative Analysis of Gene Expression Profiles Reveals Distinct Patterns in X Chromosome Inactivation. 70
〈Figure 2-17〉 Generation and Morphological Evaluation of Vascular Organoids (BVOs). 73
〈Figure 2-18〉 Morphological and Spatial Analysis Using AngioTool. 74
〈Figure 2-19〉 Cellular Composition of Turner Syndrome Blood Vessel Organoids (TS-BVOs) Revealed by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing. 77
〈Figure 2-20〉 Differential gene expression analysis in the endothelial cell cluster of TS-BVOs. 78
〈Figure 2-21〉 DEG Analysis in Mural Cell Cluster. 79
〈Figure 2-22〉 Comparative Analysis of X Chromosome Escape Genes in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell (VSMC) Clusters. 81
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