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Title Page

ABSTRACT

Contents

CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW: CHARACTERISTICS AND APPLICATIONS OF POLYDOPAMINE 10

1.1. Introduction 11

1.2. Features of PDA and corresponding applications 13

1.2.1. Biocompatibility 13

1.2.2. Conjugation 17

1.2.3. Metal binding 22

1.2.4. Photothermal effect 26

1.3. Dissertation overview 29

References 34

CHAPTER 2. UNIVERSAL PRINTING TECHNIQUE OF POLYDOPAMINE ONTO VERSATILE SURFACES FOR HIGH-RESOLUTION CELL PATTERNING USING WET ELASTOMERIC STAMP 44

2.1. Introduction 45

2.2. Experimental 55

2.2.1. Materials 55

2.2.2. Fabrication of PDMS stamp 55

2.2.3. PDA patterning on different substrates 56

2.2.4. Surface characterization 57

2.2.5. Cell patterning and fluorescent imaging 58

2.3. Results and discussion 59

2.3.1. Evaluation of patterning ability and transfer efficiency 59

2.3.2. PDA patterning in various conditions using wet stamp 63

2.3.3. Surface characterization 68

2.3.4. Cell patterning on circular and linear PDA patterns 73

2.4. Conclusion 76

References 78

CHAPTER 3. PHOTOTHERMAL SURFACE MODIFICATION USING POLYDOPAMINE AND ITS DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS 85

3.1. Introduction 86

3.2. Experimental 93

3.2.1. Materials 93

3.2.2. PDA-mediated gold deposition on substrates 93

3.2.3. Surface characterizations 96

3.2.4. Photothermal heating of substrates 96

3.2.5. Photothermal PCR thermal cycling 97

3.2.6. Photothermal cell ablation using NIR laser 99

3.2.7. Patterned photothermal cell ablation using NIR laser 100

3.3. Results and discussion 101

3.3.1. Characterization of PDA-mediated construction of gold thin film 101

3.3.2. Photothermal heating and measurement of PDA/gold coating 104

3.3.3. Polymerase chain reaction using photothermal heating 108

3.3.4. Photothermal cell ablation using NIR laser 109

3.3.5. Patterned photothermal cell ablation using NIR laser 113

3.4. Conclusion 116

References 120

CHAPTER 4. THESIS CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 125

List of Figures

Figure 2-1. Schematic illustration of wet/dry PDA patterning method. (a,b) PDMS stamp with micropatterns is dipped into... 54

Figure 2-2. PDA printing efficiency onto various substrates using dry stamping and wet stamping. Using PDMS stamps... 61

Figure 2-3. PDA pattern printing performed under different conditions. (a) PDA patterning performed with or without... 68

Figure 2-4. Surface characterization of the target substrates and the PDMS stamp during the PDA printing process. Water... 73

Figure 2-5. Endothelial cells grown on the PDA patterns printed on PS substrates. Brightfield images of endothelial... 75

Figure 3-1. Schematic illustration of PDA-mediated gold deposition strategy and its applications as a photothermal... 95

Figure 3-2. SEM images of different PDA-mediated gold deposition with different Au³⁺ concentrations during... 103

Figure 3-3. Absorbance spectrum of different PDA-mediated gold deposition with different Au³⁺ concentrations during... 104

Figure 3-4. Photothermal heating using white light LED. (a) Temperature measurement result of PDA/gold coatings on... 107

Figure 3-5. HUVECs cultured on PDA/gold coated glass cover slips irradiated with NIR laser at different power and duration.... 112

Figure 3-6. Selective cell ablation by PDA-mediated gold patterns. (a) A schematic illustration of gold patterning using... 115

초록보기

 From the introduction of polydopamine (PDA) as a coating material, its remarkable features attracted many scientists to apply it to various research fields which can be further diversified by applying patterning techniques. PDA patterns can undergo secondary modification to anchor various functional groups or metals, to create defined shapes of cell patterns, protein arrays, or metal patterns.

In Chapter 1, I briefly cover four main features of PDA including biocompatibility, conjugation, metallization, and photothermal effect with their corresponding applications. These features are broadly adopted throughout the studies in this dissertation.

In Chapter 2, to achieve robust PDA pattern printing onto various substrates, we used the PDA layer in a hydrated state to overcome several limitations of microcontact printing. Using this method, a large-scale and uniform PDA printing was achieved which can be used for high-throughput cell patterning and analysis.

In Chapter 3, the PDA-mediated gold deposition technique was used to achieve PCR temperature cycling on a chip, as well as photothermal cell ablation. Moreover, by adopting the PDA patterning method introduced in Chapter 2, I printed PDA/PEI patterns on substrates to create defined PDA/gold patterns for selective cell ablation.

I expect that these PDA-mediated coating/patterning methods not only provide a simple approach to achieve large-scale PDA patterning for biological applications but also can endow controlled optical functions in a substrate-independent manner, which can be applied for diagnostics and cell engineering.

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