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Title Page
Contents
Abstract 11
Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION 13
1.1. Introduction 13
Chapter 2. Background 16
2.1. Basic Principle of Li-Ion Batteries (LIBs) 16
2.2. Cathode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries (LIBs) 18
2.3. Ni-rich Layered Cathode Materials 19
2.4. Synchrotron-based X-ray Characterization Techniques 21
Chapter 3. Experimental part 28
3.1. Synthesis of LiNi₀.₈₈Co₀.₁₀Al₀.₀₂O₂ cathode material 28
3.2. Preparation of electrodes and assembly with pouch full-cell 28
3.3. Synchrotron-based X-ray techniques 29
Chapter 4. Result & Discussion 30
Chapter 5. Conclusion 52
Reference 54
논문요약 60
Figure 1. Schematic illustration of the Li-ion intercalation and de-intercalation reaction in Li-ion battery. 17
Figure 2. Crystal structure of cathode compounds 18
Figure 3. Crystal structure of layered cathode material. 21
Figure 4. Schematic illustration of Bragg diffraction. 23
Figure 5. Schematic illustration of High-Resolution Powder diffraction measurement and obtained pattern. 23
Figure 6. Schematic illustration of in-situ XRD measurement and obtained pattern during cycling. 24
Figure 7. Schematic illustration of the excitation and energy emission of core electrons by the absorption of X-ray photon energy. 25
Figure 8. Schematic illustration of X-ray absorption spectroscopy in transmission and fluorescence modes. 25
Figure 9. Schematic illustration of X-ray absorption spectroscopy of XANES and EXAFS and (b) Fourier transform magnitude of k3-weighted EXAFS region. 26
Figure 10. Schematic illustration of the Soft XAS. 27
Figure 11. Crystal structure and morphology of pristine LiNi₀.₈₈Co₀.₁₀Al₀.₀₂O₂ electrode (a)SEM images of pristine LiNi₀.₈₈Co₀.₁₀Al₀.₀₂O₂ electrode scale bar 10 ㎛ (b) scale bar 5 ㎛ (c)... 30
Figure 12. Electrochemical performance of LiNi₀.₈₈Co₀.₁₀Al₀.₀₂O₂ /graphite using pouch-type full -cells within the ranges (a) 2.8-4.2. and (b) 2.8-4.3V at 0.5C rate (c) cycling performance at 0.5C,... 32
Figure 13. Electrochemical performance of LiNi₀.₈₈Co₀.₁₀Al₀.₀₂O₂ /graphite using pouch-type full-cells within the ranges (a) 2.8-4.3, 30℃ and (b) 2.8-4.3V, 45℃ (c) cycling performance at... 34
Figure 14. During the 1st charge process, the changes in (a) the a and c-axis lattice parameters of the LiNi₀.₈₈Co₀.₁₀Al₀.₀₂O₂ cathode material were obtained from in-situ XRD and (b) the unit cell... 36
Figure 15. Cross-sectional SEM images of LiNi₀.₈₈Co₀.₁₀Al₀.₀₂O₂ cathode in full-cells (a) discharged state after 300 cycles in the range of 2.8-4.2V (b) after 300 cycles in the range of 2.8-... 37
Figure 16. Structural behaviors of cycled LiNi₀.₈₈Co₀.₁₀Al₀.₀₂O₂ (a) the lattice parameter of the 300 cycled NCA at different cut-off voltage compared to the 1st discharge process (b) after 300... 39
Figure 17. Normalized Ni K-edge XAS spectra of LiNi₀.₈₈Co₀.₁₀Al₀.₀₂O₂ cathode for 300 cycled under each condition compared to initial charge and discharge state (a) Ni K-edge XANES spectra... 41
Figure 18. Normalized XAS spectra of LiNi₀.₈₈Co₀.₁₀Al₀.₀₂O₂ cathode for 100 and 300cycled at different cut-off voltages (4.2V, 4.3V) and temperatures (30℃, 45℃) (a-c) Enlarged Ni L₃-edge... 43
Figure 19. Normalized XAS spectra of LiNi₀.₈₈Co₀.₁₀Al₀.₀₂O₂ cathode for 300 cycled at different temperatures (30℃,45℃) (a) Ni L3-edge (b) O K-edge in TEY mode. 44
Figure 20. Normalized XAS spectra of LiNi₀.₈₈Co₀.₁₀Al₀.₀₂O₂ cathodes for 300 cycled and after refresh process at different cut-off voltages (4.2V, 4.3V) and temperatures (30℃, 45℃) compared... 46
Figure 21. Structural behaviors of cycled LiNi₀.₈₈Co₀.₁₀Al₀.₀₂O₂ after the refresh process (a) the lattice parameter of the 300 cycled LiNi₀.₈₈Co₀.₁₀Al₀.₀₂O₂ at the different cut-off voltage and... 48
Figure 22. Normalized XAS spectra of LiNi₀.₈₈Co₀.₁₀Al₀.₀₂O₂ cathodes for cycled at different cut- off voltages (4.2V, 4.3V) and temperatures (30℃, 45℃) after the refresh process (a-c) Ni L₃-edge... 49
Figure 23. The XPS and fitted spectra of C 1s and F 1s for the refreshed discharge state after 300 cycles at 30℃ and 45℃. 51
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