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Title Page

Abstract

Contents

List of Abbreviation 10

Ⅰ. Introduction 11

1. Organic solar cells 11

1.1. Organic solar cells 11

1.2. Bulk heterojunction of organic solar cells 12

1.3. Device structures of organic solar cells 13

1.4. Working principle of organic solar cells 14

1.5. Solar cell parameters 15

2. Non-fullerene acceptors design 17

2.1. Non-fullerene acceptors 17

2.2. Selenophene substitution 19

2.3. End-group modification 21

3. Research motivation 22

Ⅱ. Experimental details 23

1. Materials 23

2. Device fabrication 23

3. Characterization 24

Ⅲ. Results and discussion 25

1. End-group modification of BTP-eC9 25

2. Characterization of selenophene-based acceptors 27

3. Photovoltaic performances 32

4. Morphological properties 37

Ⅳ. Conclusion 40

REFERENCES 41

List of Tables

Table 1. Device performance parameters of the optimized OSCs based on D18 with TS-4F and TS-4Cl under AM 1.5G one-sun irradiation, Average values of 15 devices. 25

Table 2. Electrochemical, photophysical properties of D18, TS-4Cl, TSe-4F, and TSe-4Cl. 31

Table 3. Device performance parameters of the optimized OSCs based on D18 with TS-4Cl, TSe-4F, and TSe-4Cl under AM 1.5G one-sun irradiation, Average values of 15 devices. 33

Table 4. The d-spacing and CCL of (010) peaks for blend films. 39

List of Figures

Figure 1. Bilayer, and BHJ OSCs. 12

Figure 2. (a) Conventional structure, (b) inverted structure of OSCs. 13

Figure 3. Working principle of OSCs. 14

Figure 4. Current density-voltage (J-V) curve of solar cell. 16

Figure 5. Advancement of OSCs utilizing fullerene-based and NFAs over the last 34 years. 18

Figure 6. Depiction of selenium substitution of BTPTT core of NFA. R means the alkyl chains, and the dashed line is the bond with other units. 20

Figure 7. Molecular structures of selenophene-substituted NFAs. 20

Figure 8. Molecular structures of end-group modificed NFAs. 22

Figure 9. Molecular structure of TS-4F and TS-4Cl. 25

Figure 10. The J-V characteristics. 26

Figure 11. The EQE spectra. 26

Figure 12. AFM height images of D18:TS-4F and D18:TS-4Cl blend films. 27

Figure 13. Molecular structure of (a) D18, (b) TS-4Cl (BTP-eC9), (c) TSe-4F, (d) TSe-4Cl. 28

Figure 14. Absorption spectra of the D18, TS-4Cl, TSe-4F, TSe-4Cl diluted solutions. 29

Figure 15. Normalized absorption spectra of the D18, TS-4Cl, TSe-4F, TSe-4Cl films. 29

Figure 16. Cyclic voltammograms of TS-4Cl, TSe-4F, TSe-4Cl. 30

Figure 17. Energy level diagram of D18, TS-4Cl, TSe-4F, TSe-4Cl. 30

Figure 18. The device architecture of OSCs. 32

Figure 19. The J-V characteristics. 33

Figure 20. The EQE spectra. 34

Figure 21. Jph vs. Veff plots.[이미지참조] 35

Figure 22. The dependence of VOC on light intensity of D18:TS-4Cl, D18:TSe-4F, D18:TSe-4Cl based OSCs.[이미지참조] 36

Figure 23. The dependence of JSC on light intensity of D18:TS-4Cl, D18:TSe-4F, D18-TSe-4Cl based OSCs.[이미지참조] 36

Figure 24. AFM height images of D18:TS-4Cl, D18:TSe-4F, and D18:TSe-4Cl blend films. 37

Figure 25. AFM phase images of D18:TS-4Cl, D18:TSe-4F, and D18:TSe-4Cl blend films. 38

Figure 26. 2D GIWAXS patterns of D18:TS-4Cl, D18:TSe-4F, and D18:TSe-4Cl blend films. 38

Figure 27. (a) OOP and (b) IP extracted line-cut profiles. 38

초록보기

 Light absorption in the near-infrared region of the non-fullerene acceptors is important for the improvement of power conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic solar cells. To utilize the near-IR region, reducing the band gap of NFAs is the basic strategy, and as a result, short-circuit current density (JSC) and PCE can be improved. Herein, we synthesized new selenophene-based acceptors, TSe-4F and TSe-4Cl from modifying the acceptor BTP-eC9 (TS-4Cl). We substituted thieno[3,2-b]thiophene attached on the 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole unit to selenopheno[3,2-b]thiophene, and the band gap reduced from 1.36 eV to 1.33 and 1.32 eV for TSe-4F and TSe-4Cl, respectively. Furthermore, we studied the impact of end-group by comparing TSe-4F and TSe-4Cl, which has fluorine and chlorine atoms, respectively. By substituting the end-group to fluorine atoms, D18:TSe-4F showed an improvement of fill factor (FF) of 78.38%, and as a result, the PCE of D18:TSe-4F was 16.64%. The reason of improved FF was because of better charge extraction and collection processes.

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