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Title Page 2
Contents 5
ABBREVIATION 11
ABSTRACT 13
Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION 15
Ⅱ. MATERIALS AND METHODS 26
1. Cell culture and treatment 26
2. Cell viability assay 26
3. Immunoblots 27
4. Flow cytometry 28
5. HR and NHEJ quantification 28
6. Knockout of CHEK2 in A549 cells 29
7. Live cell analysis 30
8. Statistical analysis 30
Ⅲ. RESULTS 31
1. Validation of Chk1 and Chk2's selective inhibitors, Rabusertib and BML-277 31
2. Rabusertib induced both DNA damage response and cell cycle changes by itself 37
3. Rabusertib induced both apoptosis and cell cycle arrest 58
4. Rabusertib showed synergistic effects with other DNA-damaging agents 62
5. BML-277 showed no significant impact on DNA damage response and cell cycle by itself 81
6. BML-277 did not show synergy with various DNA-damaging agents 92
7. The essentiality of CHEK1 and CHEK2 is different across cell lines 111
Ⅳ. DISCUSSION 117
Ⅴ. CONCLUSION 121
Ⅵ. REFERENCES 123
ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 131
Figure 1. Summary of DDR 18
Figure 2. Statistical graph of the current status of DDR inhibitor types in clinical trials 20
Figure 3. DDR signaling pathway 21
Figure 4. Summary of Chk1 and Chk2 24
Figure 5. Selective inhibition of Chk1 and Chk2 by Rabusertib and BML-277, respectively 34
Figure 6. Cytotoxic and cytostatic effects of Rabusertib and BML-277 36
Figure 7. Changes in expression of DDR signaling pathway components induced by Rabusertib 40
Figure 8. Changes in cell cycle distribution induced by Rabusertib 41
Figure 9. Changes in expressions of cyclins induced by Rabusertib 43
Figure 10. Changes in cell cycle progression from G1 to G2/M Phase induced by Rabusertib 48
Figure 11. Changes in cell cycle progression from late S and G2 to G1 phase induced by Rabusertib 51
Figure 12. Changes in cell cycle progression from M to G1 phase induced by Rabusertib 53
Figure 13. Changes in expression of DNA damage after release of synchronization induced by Rabusertib 56
Figure 14. Changes in sub-G1 population induced by Rabusertib 59
Figure 15. Changes in expression of apoptosis markers induced by Rabusertib 60
Figure 16. Changes in expression of cell cycle arrest markers induced by Rabusertib 61
Figure 17. Synergy score of Rabusertib and DNA-damaging agents 67
Figure 18. Changes in DNA repair efficacy of double strand break affected by Rabusertib 69
Figure 19. Changes in expression of DDR signaling pathway components induced by Bleomycin 70
Figure 20. Changes in expression of DDR signaling pathway components and apoptosis markers induced by Bleomycin and... 72
Figure 21. Changes in sub-G1 population induced by Bleomycin and Rabusertib 73
Figure 22. Changes in cell cycle distribution induced by Bleomycin 74
Figure 23. Changes in cell cycle distribution induced by Bleomycin and Rabusertib 75
Figure 24. Changes in expressions of cyclins induced by Bleomycin and Rabusertib 77
Figure 25. Changes in cell cycle distribution induced by Bleomycin and Rabusertib in a time dependent manner 78
Figure 26. Changes in cell cycle distribution induced by Bleomycin and Rabusertib at low concentrations 79
Figure 27. Changes in expression of DDR signaling pathway components induced by Carboplatin and Rabusertib 80
Figure 28. Changes in expression of DDR signaling pathway components induced by BML-277 83
Figure 29. Changes in cell cycle distribution induced by BML-277 84
Figure 30. Changes in cyclins expressions induced by BML-277 86
Figure 31. Changes in expressions of proliferation, survival, and cell cycle arrest markers by BML-277 87
Figure 32. Comparison of cell growth in WT and CHEK2 KO A549 cells 89
Figure 33. Comparison of CHEK2 KO and WT cell cycle distribution 91
Figure 34. Synergy score of BML-277 and DNA-damaging agents 96
Figure 35. Changes in DNA repair efficacy of double strand break affected by BML-277 98
Figure 36. Changes in expression of DDR signaling pathway components induced by Bleomycin and BML-277 99
Figure 37. Changes in expression of DDR signaling pathway components induced by Carboplatin and BML-277 100
Figure 38. Synergy score of BML-277 and Olaparib 101
Figure 39. Changes in cell cycle distribution induced by Bleomycin and BML-277 102
Figure 40. Changes in expressions of cyclins induced by Bleomycin and BML-277 104
Figure 41. Changes in cell cycle distribution induced by Bleomycin and BML-277 in a time dependent manner 105
Figure 42. Changes in cell cycle distribution induced by Bleomycin and low concentration of BML-277 106
Figure 43. Comparison of cell growth inhibition by DNA damaging agents in WT and CHEK2 KO A549 cells 110
Figure 44. Depamap data across 423 cell lines 113
Figure 45. Cell viability assay across different NSCLC cell lines 116
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