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국회도서관 홈으로 정보검색 소장정보 검색

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동의어 포함

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Title Page 1

Contents 4

Abstract 14

Chapter 1. Introduction 16

Chapter 2. Theoretical Background 20

2.1. Overview of Al-Mg-Si Alloys 20

2.1.1. Main Features of Al-Mg-Si Alloys 20

2.1.2. Heat Treatments of Age-Hardenable Aluminium Alloys 21

2.1.3. Precipitation Behavior of Al-Mg-Si Alloys 23

2.2. Precipitation Hardening 29

2.2.1. Particle Shearing 31

2.2.2. Orowan Looping 34

2.3. Fatigue of Alloys 36

2.3.1. General Remarks on Fatigue 36

2.3.2. Microstructure and Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior 42

2.3.3. Strain Energy-Based Approach 47

2.3.4. Plastic Strain Energy Density 47

2.4. Severe Plastic Deformation Methods 49

2.4.1. Overview of Severe Plastic Deformation Methods 49

2.4.2. Equal Channel Angular Pressing 52

Chapter 3. Influence of Severe Plastic Deformation and Aging on Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of Al-Mg-Si Alloys 58

3.1. Introduction 58

3.2. Experimental Procedure 61

3.2.1. Materials and Methods 61

3.3. Results and Discussion 63

3.3.1. Microstructure and Monotonic Tensile Properties 63

3.3.2. Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior 67

3.4. Conclusions 107

Chapter 4. Strain Energy-Based Approach for Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior and Life of Al-Mg-Si Alloys 109

4.1. Introduction 109

4.2. Experimental Procedure 110

4.2.1. Materials and Methods 110

4.3. Results and Discussion 112

4.3.1. Energy-Based Approach for Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior 112

4.4. Conclusions 142

Chapter 5. Conclusions 143

References 146

국문초록 162

List of Tables 13

Table 3.1. Chemical composition of 6005 Al alloy 63

Table 3.2. Monotonic tensile properties of 6005 Al alloy 65

Table 3.3. Strain-based various low cycle fatigue parameters (CG, UFG groups) 106

Table 4.1. Chemical composition of 6005 Al alloy 111

Table 4.2. Plastic strain energy density at half LCF life (△ Wₚₕ)... 117

Table 4.3. Cumulative plastic strain energy density (Wf) based low...[이미지참조] 133

List of Figures 7

Figure 2.1. Schematic illustration of the typical heat treatment process... 22

Figure 2.2. (a) 3D APT elemental mappings of Mg and Si atoms and... 28

Figure 2.3. (a) DSC curve of a solutionised and quenched AA6061 (b)... 28

Figure 2.4. Dependence of precipitation hardening on the particle size 30

Figure 2.5. Schematic of particle shearing, ; schematic representation... 33

Figure 2.6. Mechanism of Orowan looping ; schematic representation... 35

Figure 2.7. Fatigue classification by means of an S-N curve;... 40

Figure 2.8. Typical fatigue hysteresis loops of different materials;... 40

Figure 2.9. Schematic illustration of the relationship between the fatigue... 41

Figure 2.10. Schematic representation of dipole formation, generation of... 46

Figure 2.11. Schematic illustration of characteristics of hysteresis loops... 48

Figure 2.12. Three types of the SPD technologies developed.;... 51

Figure 2.13. Schematic models of a typical ECAP dies facility: the X, Y... 54

Figure 2.14. The principle of ECAP that explains the shearing plane on... 54

Figure 2.15. Grain refinement mechanism during severe plastic... 57

Figure 3.1. Electron back scattered diffraction and transmission electron... 66

Figure 3.2. Stress amplitude evolution with number of cycles at different... 71

Figure 3.3. Stress amplitude evolution with number of cycles at different... 72

Figure 3.4. Stress amplitude evolution with number of cycles at different... 73

Figure 3.5. Variations of values of cyclic hardening ratio and softening... 74

Figure 3.6. Variations of values of cyclic hardening ratio and softening... 75

Figure 3.7. Variations of values of cyclic hardening ratio and softening... 76

Figure 3.8. Variations of values of cyclic hardening ratio and softening... 77

Figure 3.9. Variations of values of cyclic hardening ratio and softening... 78

Figure 3.10. Evolution of hysteresis loops obtained from half-life of LCF... 81

Figure 3.11. Evolution of hysteresis loops obtained from half-life of LCF... 82

Figure 3.12. Evolution of hysteresis loops obtained from half-life of LCF... 83

Figure 3.13. Relationship between total strain amplitude (ϵₜₐ) and plastic... 84

Figure 3.14. Fraction of elastic-plastic strain amplitude (ϵₑ,ₚₐ) with total... 85

Figure 3.15. Transmission electron microscopy micrographs of... 91

Figure 3.16. Transmission electron microscopy micrographs of... 92

Figure 3.17. Transmission electron microscopy micrographs showing the... 93

Figure 3.18. Transmission electron microscopy micrographs of... 94

Figure 3.19. Transmission electron microscopy micrographs of... 95

Figure 3.20. Transmission electron microscopy micrographs of... 96

Figure 3.21. High resolution transmission electron microscopy... 97

Figure 3.22. High resolution transmission electron microscopy... 98

Figure 3.23. Basquin and Coffin-Manson type plots under various strain... 103

Figure 3.24. Basquin and Coffin-Manson type plots under various strain... 104

Figure 3.25. Basquin and Coffin-Manson type plots under various strain... 105

Figure 4.1. Variation of hysteresis loops obtained from half-life of... 118

Figure 4.2. Evolution of plastic strain energy density (△ Wₚ) with the number... 119

Figure 4.3. Evolution of plastic strain energy density (△ Wₚ) with the number... 120

Figure 4.4. Evolution of plastic strain energy density (△ Wₚ) with the... 121

Figure 4.5. Comparison of predicted and experimental values for plastic... 122

Figure 4.6. Comparison of predicted and experimental values for plastic... 123

Figure 4.7. Comparison of predicted and experimental values for... 124

Figure 4.8. Variation in plastic strain energy density at half LCF life... 125

Figure 4.9. Variation in plastic strain energy density at half LCF life... 126

Figure 4.10. Comparison of predicted and experimental values for... 129

Figure 4.11. Comparison of predicted and experimental values for... 130

Figure 4.12. Comparison of predicted and experimental values for... 131

Figure 4.13. Cumulative plastic strain energy density (Wf) versus...[이미지참조] 132

Figure 4.14. Variation in cumulative plastic strain energy density (Wf)...[이미지참조] 136

Figure 4.15. Variation in cumulative plastic strain energy density... 137

Figure 4.16. Cumulative plastic strain energy density to crack... 141

초록보기

 강소성 가공 (Severe plastic deformation, SPD) 및 다양한 인공시효 공정 이력을 가진 Al-Mg-Si 합금 일반 결정립 (Conventionally grained, CG) 소재, 초미세립 (Ultrafine-grained, UFG) 소재를 대상으로 변형률 제어 기반 방식의 저주기 피로시험 (Low cycle fatigue, LCF)을 진행하였다. 반복응력응답(Cyclic stress response, CSR) 곡선에서 CG PA (Peak-aged)는 초기반복 경화 및 포화 거동을 나타내었으나, CG OA (Over-aged)는 포화에 가까운 반복연화 거동을 보였다. UFG 계열 소재는 UFG 3를 제외하고 모두 연속적 반복연화 거동을 나타내었으며, 이는 UFG 계열 소재가 가지는 미세조직 안정성 차이에 기인하였다.

변형률 기반 기법을 사용하여 CG 및 UFG 소재의 LCF 거동과 수명을 평가하고 분석하였으며, 해당 결과에 대하여 강화기구 및 미세조직 변화에 대한 관점에서 고찰하였다. CG 계열에서, LCF 수명은 석출물 상태에 의존하는 변형 균질성 차이에 의해 크게 변화하였다. UFG 계열에서는 동적회복에 기인한 반복 연화가 심화됨에 따라 LCF 수명이 감소하는 특징을 보였으며, 이에 관련하여 반복변형경화지수 n'과 UFG 소재 미세조직 안정성의 관계에 대하여 제시하였다.

에너지 기반 기법을 적용하여, LCF 절반 수명 조건에서의 소성변형에너지 밀도 (ΔWₚₕ), 누적소성변형에너지밀도 (Wf)와 CG, UFG 소재 LCF 수명과의 관계에 대하여 도출하였고, 다양한 에너지 유관 척도들을 산출하였다. ΔWₚₕ와 Wf 값의 예측을 위하여 Morrow-Halford model에 기반한 다양한 수식을 활용 하였으며, 주어진 총변형률진폭 (Total strain amplitude, εta) 조건에서 계산결과가 실험결과 대비 매우 정확한 수준을 보이는 것을 확인하였다. ΔWph와 Wf는 LCF 수명이 증가되는 조건에서 반대되는 경향을 나타내었으며, εₜₐ 1.0% 이상의 조건에서 CG, UFG 계열 소재 모두 타 시효 조건에 비하여 PA 조건에서 Wf 감소경향이 보다 심화되었다. 임계균열 에너지 정량 척도 Wfc를 CG, UFG 계열 소재에 적용하였으며, LCF 수명과 Wf의 관계와 유사한 경향을 나타내었다.