Figure 3.1. 'The Bees' cover for Creative Review magazine (2004) by :phunk studio 35

Figure 3.2. 'BigO magazine cover (2000) by fFurious 35

Figure 3.3. "Have you signed up as a volunteer?", 1917 38

Figure 3.4. "Long live the Red Army", Vladimir Fridman, 1920 38

Figure 3.5. "Women learn to read and write", Elizaveta Kruglikova, 1923 38

Figure 3.6. "We'll take their place!", Vladimir Serov, 1941 38

Figure 3.7. "Our Force is Innumerable!", Viktor Koretskii, 1941 38

Figure 3.8. "NO!", Al'bert Aslian, 1958 38

Figure 3.9. Sir Charles Barry with A.W.N. Pugin, the House of Lords in the British Houses of Parliament,... 42

Figure 3.10. S.S. Frizzall (artist) and J.H. Bufford's Sons (printers), poster for the Cleveland and the... 43

Figure 3.11. Louis Prang, Valentine card, 1883. Chromolithography 43

Figure 3.12. L. Prang and Company and others, c.1880 - early 1900s 43

Figure 3.13. Herman Ihlenburg, typeface design 44

Figure 3.14. John F. Cumming, typeface design 44

Figure 3.15. Trademark for Moss Engraving Company, 1872 45

Figure 3.16. W. J. Morgan and Co., Cleveland lithographic theater poster,... 46

Figure 3.17. Package designs chromolithographed on tin for food and tobacco products used bright flat colors, elaborate lettering, and iconic... 46

Figure 3.18. A. M. Cassandre, poster for the Paris newspaper L'Intransigeant, 1925 47

Figure 3.19. E. McKnight Kauffer, poster for the London Underground, 1930 49

Figure 3.20. A. M. Cassandre, poster for the North Star Paris-Amsterdam night train, 1927 49

Figure 3.23. A. M. Cassandre, poster for the train Express Nord, 1927 50

Figure 3.24. A. M. Cassandre, poster for the ocean liner L'Atlantique, 1931 50

Figure 3.25. A. M. Cassandre, poster for the Dutch ocean liner... 50

Figure 3.26. El Lissitzky, book cover for The Isms of Art, 1924 51

Figure 3.27. El Lissitzky, title page for The Isms of Art, 1924 52

Figure 3.28. El Lissitzky, text format for The Isms of Art, 1924 52

Figure 3.29. El Lissitzky, pictorial spread for The Isms of Art, 1924 52

Figure 3.30. Alexander Rodchenko, cover for Novyi Ief, no.1, 1923 54

Figure 3.31. Alexander Rodchenko, cover for Novyi Ief, no.2, 1923 54

Figure 3.32. Alexander Rodchenko, cover for Novyi Ief, no.3, 1923 54

Figure 3.33. Gustav Klutsis, design for Spartakiada postcard, 1928 55

Figure 3.34. Gustav Klutsis, "We Will Repay the Coal Debt to the Country." poster, 1930 55

Figure 3.35. Gustav Klutsis, "Everyone Must Vote in the Election of Soviets", series poster,... 56

Figure 3.36. Gustav Klutsis, "In the Storm of the Third Year of the Five-Year Plan", poster, 1930 56

Figure 4.1. Ta Thu, Concentrate the Hatred and Indignation on the Bayonet and the Barrel of the... 61

Figure 4.2. Minh Tuyen, Fight to the Finish! (1969), Mixed media hand-painter poster, 36 × 53㎝ 61

Figure 4.3. Hoang Dinh Tai, All for the South, Flesh and Blood!, 1973, Woodcut poster on paper... 63

Figure 4.4. Minh Hai, Silence the American Cannons!, 1969, Mixed media hand-painted poster on paper, 39.5 × 57.3㎝ 63

Figure 4.5. Pham Van Don, Destroying the Plan of Helicopter Transportation, 1965, Woodcut on paper,... 64

Figure 4.6. Vinh Chi, Whenever there are invaders, We Come!,... 64

Figure 4.7. Propaganda poster drawn by artist Duong Anh, 1971. Size: 76 × 54㎝ 65

Figure 4.8. Propaganda poster drawn by artist Nguyen Bich, 1954 65

Figure 4.9. Propaganda poster, 1969 66

Figure 4.10. Propaganda poster, post 1957 66

Figure 4.11. Propaganda poster, post 1957 66

Figure 4.12. Propaganda poster, post 1957 66

Figure 4.13. Propaganda poster, post 1957 66

Figure 4.14. Propaganda poster, post 1957 66

Figure 4.15. Propaganda poster drawn by artist Quoc Thai, 1972. Size: 54 × 39㎝ 68

Figure 4.16. Propaganda poster drawn by artist Minh Phuong, 1978. Size: 54 × 39㎝ 68

Figure 4.17. Propaganda poster drawn by artist Thai Son, 1973. Size: 64 × 44㎝ 71

Figure 4.18. Propaganda poster drawn by artist To Lien, 1972 72

Figure 4.19. Propaganda poster drawn by artist Dang Nhan, 1973 72

Figure 4.20. Propaganda poster, "Work well, train well", artist Quoc Thai, 1972 73

Figure 4.21. Propaganda poster drawn by artist Thuc Phi, 1973. Size: 62 × 43㎝ 73

Figure 4.22. "Celebrate victory and advance with enthusiasm, artist Pham Lung, 1973 73

Figure 4.23. Propaganda poster drawn by artist Giang To, 1973.... 73

Figure 4.24. Propaganda poster drawn by artist Ho Lieu, 1973. Size: 62 × 43㎝ 73

Figure 4.25. 15 CV Delahaye car advertisement of Société Indochinoise de Transports, 4 Filippini Stree... 74

Figure 4.26. Advertising poster of the antique shop La Perle (Pearl)... 74

Figure 4.27. Bata shoes advertising poster 75

Figure 4.28. Advertising poster of The performance held at one of the five most famous speakeasy in Saigon: Tu Do 75

Figure 4.29. 'Goat Soap(Con Dê Cũ)' Commercial Poster 76

Figure 4.30. Cô Ba Soap Commercial Poster (1954 - 1956) 76

Figure 4.31. Shell advertising poster 77

Figure 4.32. B.G.I beer advertising poster 79

Figure 4.33. Bireley's beer billboards 80

Figure 4.34. Perlon Dental Cream billboards 80

Figure 4.35. Frank Sinatra Movie poster 81

Figure 4.36. Post 1954 billboards in Saigon 81

Figure 4.37. Hynos billboard 82

Figure 4.38. Cal-Best billboard 82

Figure 4.39. Sanyo billboards 83

Figure 4.40. 'International Records' records shop signage 83

Figure 4.41. Billboards in Vietnam 1954 - 1975 85

Figure 4.42. Billboards in Vietnam 1954 - 1975 85

Figure 4.43. Billboards in Vietnam 1954 - 1975 85

Figure 4.44. Billboards in Vietnam 1954 - 1975 85

Figure 4.45. Billboards in Vietnam 1954 - 1975 86

Figure 4.46. Billboards in Vietnam 1954 - 1975 86

Figure 4.47. Billboards in Vietnam 1954 - 1975 87

Figure 4.48. Billboards in Vietnam 1954 - 1975 87

Figure 4.49. Billboards in Vietnam 1954 - 1975 88

Figure 4.50. Billboards in Vietnam 1954 - 1975 88

Figure 4.51. Shop Signage in Vietnam 1954 - 1975 89

Figure 4.52. Shop Signage in Vietnam 1954 - 1975 89

Figure 4.53. Shop Signage in Vietnam 1954 - 1975 90

Figure 4.54. Shop Signage in Vietnam 1954 - 1975 90

Figure 4.55. Shop Signage in Vietnam 1954 - 1975 91

Figure 4.56. Shop Signage in Vietnam 1954 - 1975 91

Figure 4.57. Shop Signage in Vietnam 1954 - 1975 92

Figure 4.58. Shop Signage in Vietnam 1954 - 1975 92

Figure 4.59. Shop Signage in Vietnam 1954 - 1975 92

Figure 4.60. Shop Signage in Vietnam 1954 - 1975 92

Figure 4.61. Shop Signage in Vietnam 1954 - 1975 92

Figure 4.62. Shop Signage in Vietnam 1954 - 1975 92

Figure 4.63. Propaganda poster drawn by artist Ba Tuong 1978. Size: 54 × 39 ㎝ 93

Figure 4.64. Propaganda poster drawn by artist Tran Lam, 1980. Size: 55 × 39 ㎝ 93

Figure 4.65. Propaganda poster drawn by artist Thai Son, 1979. Size: 54 × 39 ㎝ 94

Figure 4.66. Propaganda poster drawn by artist Tran Duy Truc, 1982. Size: 78 × 54 ㎝ 94

Figure 4.67. Propaganda poster drawn by artist Le Thiep, 1982 95

Figure 4.68. Propaganda poster, drawn by artist Minh Phuong, 1980 95

Figure 4.69. Propaganda poster drawn by artist Que Binh, 1978 95

Figure 4.70. Propaganda poster, post 1975 97

Figure 4.71. Propaganda poster, post 1975 97

Figure 4.72. Propaganda poster, post 1975 97

Figure 4.73. Propaganda poster, post 1975 97

Figure 4.74. Propaganda poster, post 1975 97

Figure 4.75. Propaganda poster, post 1975 98

Figure 4.76. Propaganda poster, post 1975 98

Figure 4.77. Propaganda poster, post 1975 98

Figure 4.78. Propaganda poster, post 1975 98

Figure 4.79. Shop Signage in Vietnam post 1975 99

Figure 4.80. Shop Signage in Vietnam post 1975 99

Figure 4.81. Shop Signage in Vietnam post 1975 100

Figure 4.82. Shop Signage in Vietnam post 1975 100

Figure 4.83. Shop Signage in Vietnam post 1975 100

Figure 4.84. Shop Signage in Vietnam post 1975 100

Figure 4.85. Shop Signage in Vietnam post 1975 101

Figure 4.86. Shop Signage in Vietnam post 1975 101

Figure 4.87. Shop Signage in Vietnam post 1975 102

Figure 4.88. Shop Signage in Vietnam post 1975 102

Figure 4.88. Shop Signage in Vietnam post 1975 103

Figure 4.89. Shop Signage in Vietnam post 1975 103

Figure 4.90. Shop Signage in Vietnam post 1975 103

Figure 4.91. Shop Signage in Vietnam post 1975 103

Figure 4.92. Shop Signage in Vietnam post 1975 103

Figure 4.93. Shop Signage in Vietnam post 1975 103

Figure 4.94. Shop Signage in Vietnam post 1975 104

Figure 4.95. Shop Signage in Vietnam post 1975 104

Figure 4.96. Shop Signage in Vietnam post 1975 104

Figure 4.97. Shop Signage in Vietnam post 1975 104

Figure 4.98. Shop Signage in Vietnam post 1975 105

Figure 4.99. Shop Signage in Vietnam post 1975 105

Figure 4.100. Shop Signage in Vietnam post 1975 105

Figure 5.1. Modern-day Vietnamese propaganda posters 108

Figure 5.2. Modern-day Vietnamese propaganda poster at Trang Tien Plaza 108

Figure 5.3. Modern-day Vietnamese propaganda posters 108

Figure 5.4. Propaganda poster celebrating 40 years of national reunification 108

Figure 5.5. Propaganda poster celebrating 40 years of national reunification 109

Figure 5.6. Propaganda poster celebratinginational reunification and Labour Day 109

Figure 5.7. Propaganda poster calling for election 109

Figure 5.8. Propaganda poster on Vietnam's independence and territorial integrity 110

Figure 5.9. Propaganda poster for Covid-19 prevention 110

Figure 5.10. Cộng Cà Phê branding guidelines 111

Figure 5.11. Cộng Cà Phê brand identity (logo, uniform, packaging) 111

Figure 5.12. Phê La packaging 111

Figure 5.13. A collection of hand-painted signage drawn by Nguyen Hoai Bao, who is still practicing... 112

Figure 5.14. Republish: Typography As…exhibition by Behalf Studio 113

Figure 5.15. Republish: Typography As…exhibition by Behalf Studio 113

Figure 5.16. Patriot - Kháng Chiến Typeface, created by Behalf Studio for Republish project 114

Figure 5.17. Finesse - Mỹ Nghệ Typeface, created by Behalf Studio for Republish project 114

Figure 5.18. Đanh Đá Typeface, created by Behalf Studio for Republish project 115

Figure 5.19. Barber - Thợ Cạo Typeface, created by Behalf Studio for Republish project 115

Figure 5.18. West Gate - Cửa Tây Typeface, created by Behalf Studio for Republish project 115

Figure 5.19. Classique Sài Gòn Typeface by Manh Nguyen 116