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Title Page 2
Contents 5
Abstract 11
Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION 13
1.1. Exosome 13
1.2. Alzheimer's disease 17
1.3. MOG Antibody-Associated disease 24
Chapter 2. MATERIALS & METHODS 30
2.1. Isolation of RNA from serum-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) 30
2.2. Nanoparticle tracking analysis 31
2.3. Cryogenic Transmission Electron Microscopy (Cryo-TEM) 31
2.4. Western blot analysis 32
2.5. Small RNA Sequencing and Data Processing (Alzheimer's Disease Samples) 33
2.6. NanoString Profiling of miRNAs (MOGAD Samples) 34
2.7. Differential Expression Analysis of miRNAs 35
2.8. Spearman's rank correlation analysis 36
2.9. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis 36
2.10. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis 37
Chapter 3. RESULTS 39
3.1. Profiling of serum-derived exosomal microRNAs in Alzheimer's disease 39
3.1.1. Characterization of sEVs isolated from the serum of cognitively unimpaired and impaired individuals 39
3.1.2. Differential expression of miRNAs between E2(+) CI and E2(+) CU 41
3.1.3. Correlation between DEmiRNAs and clinical traits in the E2(+) group 48
3.1.4. Diagnostic potential of DEmiRNAs in the E2(+) group 54
3.1.5. Differential expression of miRNAs between E3E3 CI and E3E3 CU 57
3.1.6. Correlation between DEmiRNAs and clinical traits in the E3E3 group 67
3.1.7. Diagnostic potential of DEmiRNAs in the E3E3 group 75
3.1.8. Differential expression of miRNAs between E4(+) CI and E4(+) CU 78
3.1.9. Correlation between DEmiRNAs and clinical traits in the E4(+) group 88
3.1.10. Diagnostic potential of DEmiRNAs in the E4(+) group 97
3.2. Profiling of serum-derived exosomal microRNAs in MOG antibody-associated disease 100
3.2.1. Differential expression of miRNAs between relapsing and monophasic MOGAD patients 100
3.2.2. Correlation between DEmiRNAs and clinical traits in the disease status of MOGAD 110
3.2.3. Diagnostic potential of DEmiRNAs in the MOGAD 119
Chapter 4. DISCUSSION 124
Chapter 5. CONCLUSIONS 128
REFERENCES 130
논문요약 143
INTRODUCTION 7
Figure 1. Biogenesis and constituents of exosomes 14
Figure 2. Cargo loading onto exosome therapeutics 16
Figure 3. Schematic overview of genes linked to AD 20
Figure 4. APOE affects Aβ pathology 20
Figure 5. Pathological mechanisms of Aβ and tau in AD 22
Figure 6. Proposed model for immunopathology of MOGAD 28
RESULTS 7
Figure 7. Characterization of sEVs 40
Figure 8. DEmiRNAs in the E2(+) group 44
Figure 9. ORA between downregulated miRNAs and diseases in the E2(+)... 45
Figure 10. GO and KEGG pathway analyses using target genes of downregulated... 46
Figure 11. Spearman's rank correlation analysis between DEmiRNAs and... 49
Figure 12. Correlation of DEmiRNAs with p-Tau isoforms in the E2(+) group 50
Figure 13. Correlation of DEmiRNAs with amyloid centiloids in the E2(+) group 52
Figure 14. Correlation of DEmiRNAs with GFAP in the E2(+) group 53
Figure 15. ROC analysis of DEmiRNAs in the E2(+) group 56
Figure 16. DEmiRNAs in the E3E3 group 60
Figure 17. ORA between DEmiRNAs and diseases in the E3E3 group 62
Figure 18. GO and KEGG pathway analyses using target genes of upregulated... 63
Figure 19. GO and KEGG pathway analyses using target genes of downregulated... 65
Figure 20. Spearman's rank correlation analysis between DEmiRNAs and... 68
Figure 21. Correlation of DEmiRNAs with p-Tau isoforms in the E3E3 group 69
Figure 22. Correlation of DEmiRNAs with amyloid centiloids in the E3E3 group 71
Figure 23. Correlation of DEmiRNAs with NfL and GFAP in the E3E3 group 72
Figure 24. Correlation of DEmiRNAs with MMSE in the E3E3 group 74
Figure 25. ROC analysis of DEmiRNAs in the E3E3 group 77
Figure 26. DEmiRNAs in the E4(+) group 81
Figure 27. ORA between DEmiRNAs and diseases in the E4(+) group 83
Figure 28. GO and KEGG pathway analyses using target genes of upregulated... 84
Figure 29. GO and KEGG pathway analyses using target genes of downregulated... 86
Figure 30. Spearman's rank correlation analysis between DEmiRNAs and... 90
Figure 31. Correlation of DEmiRNAs with p-Tau isoforms in the E4(+) group 92
Figure 32. Correlation of DEmiRNAs with amyloid centiloids, Aβ 42, and Aβ 40... 94
Figure 33. Correlation of DEmiRNAs with NfL and GFAP in the E4(+) group 95
Figure 34. Correlation of DEmiRNAs with MMSE in the E4(+) group 96
Figure 35. ROC analysis of DEmiRNAs in the E4(+) group 99
Figure 36. DEmiRNAs in the MOGAD patients 103
Figure 37. ORA between DEmiRNAs and diseases in the MOGAD patients 105
Figure 38. GO and KEGG pathway analyses using target genes of upregulated... 106
Figure 39. GO and KEGG pathway analyses using target genes of downregulated... 108
Figure 40. Spearman's rank correlation analysis between DEmiRNAs and... 113
Figure 41. Correlation of DEmiRNAs with the total number of attacks in the... 114
Figure 42. Correlation of DEmiRNAs with disease duration in the MOGAD group 116
Figure 43. Correlation of DEmiRNAs with AAR and EDSS in the MOGAD group 117
Figure 44. Correlation of DEmiRNAs with ARR in the MOGAD group 118
Figure 45. ROC analysis of upregulated miRNAs in relapsing MOGAD patients 120
Figure 46. ROC analysis of downregulated miRNAs in relapsing MOGAD... 123
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