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국회도서관 홈으로 정보검색 소장정보 검색

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동의어 포함

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Title Page 2

Contents 5

Abstract 10

Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION 12

1. Parkinson's disease (PD) 12

1) Key pathological features 12

2) The risk factors of PD 18

2. Hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PD) 25

1) The topology and enzymology of H6PD 25

2) The role of H6PD in ER stress 26

3) The role of H6PD in glucose metabolism 27

Chapter 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 30

1. Human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) 30

2. Plasmid construction 30

3. Cell culture and trransfection 31

4. Lentivirus preparation and trnasduction 32

5. Dopaminergic neuron differentiation 32

6. Immunocyto chemistry (ICC) 33

7. Image anlaysis 34

8. Mice 34

9. Tissue preparation 35

10. RNA isolation, cDNA synthesis, Quantitative real-time PCR 35

11. Western blot analysis 36

12. RNA sequencing and data analysis 37

13. ATAC-seq and data analysis 38

14. ATAC-seq Gene set enrichment analysis 39

15. Genome-wide CRISPR Cas9 screen in αSyn BiFC SH-SY5Y 39

16. Data analysis for pooled CRISPR Cas9 screen 41

17. Candidate gene selection and STRING network analysis 41

18. Stereotaxic injection 41

19. Pole test 42

20. Grip-strength test 42

21. Rotarod test 42

22. Statistical analysis 43

Chapter 3. RESULTS 44

1. Patient-derived PD model generation 44

2. Transcriptomic analysis between genetic PD and genetically unaffected 45

3. Chromatin accessibility differences between genetic PD and genetically unaffected 46

4. Genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen identifies regulators of aSyn aggregation 47

5. Candidate gene validation from three independent analyses 49

6. H6PD regulates αSyn aggregation 52

7. H6PD overexpression in LPD human iPSCs-derived dopaminergic neurons modulates gene expression pattern 53

8. Effect of H6PD overexpression on motor dysfunction induced by 6-OHDA 54

Chapter 4. DISCUSSION 98

References 101

논문요약 117

List of Tables 7

INTRODUCTION 7

Table 1. Genetic causes of parkinsonism 24

Table 2. Similarities and differences between G6PD and H6PD 26

RESULTS 7

Table 1. qRT-PCR primer information 36

Table 2. CRISPR library PCR P7 Primer information 40

List of Figures 7

INTRODUCTION 7

Figure 1. Pathways implicated in α-synuclein toxicity 14

Figure 2. The unfolded protein response (UPR) 16

Figure 3. How mutant glucocerebrosidase might result in enhanced α-synuclein aggregation 20

Figure 4. LRRK2 signaling pathway 23

Figure 5. Role of H6PD in the ER 29

RESULTS 7

Figure 1. Schematic overview of the dopaminergic neuron differentiation 56

Figure 2. Characterization of Floor-Plate (PF) marker expression 57

Figure 3. Characterization of dopaminergic neurons 58

Figure 4. Validation of the dopaminergic neuron differentiation 59

Figure 5. Transcriptomic differences in dopaminergic neurons derived from PD patients 60

Figure 6. Confirmation of dopaminergic neuronal differentiation from human iPSCs 61

Figure 7. Transcriptomics differences in genetically unaffected and PD in both mutation... 62

Figure 8. Functional enrichment analysis in PD models 64

Figure 9. RNA-seq heatmap comparison between genetically unaffected and PD groups in... 65

Figure 10. TSS heatmap coverage plots of human iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons 66

Figure 11. Comparative analysis of chromatin accessibility in both mutation groups 67

Figure 12. chipenrich enrichment analysis of differentially accessible regions 68

Figure 13. Schematic overview of the αSyn-BiFC system 69

Figure 14. Characterization of the αSyn-BiFC system 70

Figure 15. Genome-wide CRISPR screening identified candidate genes modulating αSyn... 71

Figure 16. Analysis of candidate genes modulating αSyn aggregation 72

Figure 17. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis of CRISPR screen hits 74

Figure 18. Multi-omic analysis of genes associated with PD-related mutations 75

Figure 19. STRING network analysis of candidate genes in PD-related mutations 77

Figure 20. Analysis of gene expression in human PD samples using publicly available RNA-... 78

Figure 21. Gene expression analysis in a PD-like animal model using RNA-Seq data 79

Figure 22. ATAC-seq and RNA-seq analysis of chromatin accessibility and gene expression... 81

Figure 23. H6PD overexpression reduces αSyn aggregation in αSyn-BiFC cell line 82

Figure 24. H6PD inhibition by Rucaparib increases αSyn aggregation in αSyn-BiFC cell line 83

Figure 25. H6PD knockout increases αSyn aggregation in αSyn-BiFC cell line 84

Figure 26. H6PD overexpression in dopaminergic neurons differentiated from LPD human... 85

Figure 27. Differential gene expression analysis following H6PD overexpression in LPD... 86

Figure 28. Overlap of differentially expressed genes in LPD vs. LPD+H and LPD vs. LH... 87

Figure 29. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis of genes that regulated by H6PD... 88

Figure 30. Expression patterns of ER-associated genes in LPD and LPD+H conditions 90

Figure 31. Experimental design for H6PD overexpression in a 6-OHDA-induced PD mouse... 91

Figure 32. Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) and H6PD expression in the striatum of 6-OHDA-... 93

Figure 33. Effects of H6PD overexpression on motor performance in the Pole test 94

Figure 34. Effects of H6PD overexpression on neuromuscular strength in the Grip Strength... 95

Figure 35. Effects of H6PD overexpression on motor coordination in the Rotarod test 96

Figure 36. Schematic overview of the multi-omics analysis workflow and key findings 97

초록보기

 파킨슨병의 유전적 위험 요인과 관련한 이전의 연구에서 GBA1, LRRK2, SNCA와 같은 유전자가 보고된 바 있다. 그러나 이러한 유전적 위험 요인을 가진 모든 사람들에게서 파킨슨병이 발병하는 것은 아니다. 이는 파킨슨병 저항성을 부여하는 보호 기전이 존재할 가능성을 시사한다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 현상을 더 잘 이해하기 위해, 파킨슨병의 유전적 위험 요인을 가진 사람들에서 질병 저항성에 기여하는 유전적 및 후성유전학적 요인들을 조사하고자 하였다. 이를 위해, 5개 집단(1. 건강한 대조군, 2. GLB42N370s 변이를 가지고 파킨슨병에 걸리지 않은 집단, 3. GK47N370s 변이를 가지고 파킨슨병에 걸린 집단, 4. LRRK2G2019S 변이를 가지고 파킨슨병에 걸리지 않은 집단, 5. LRRK2G2019S 변이를 가지고 파킨슨병에 걸린 집단)의 유도만능줄기세포(iPSCs)에서 유래된 도파민성 뉴런을 비교 분석하였다. 이 연구에서는 RNA-seq, ATAC-seq 분석, 알파-시뉴클레인 응집체 모니터링 플랫폼(αSyn-BiFC platform)을 이용한 CRISPR 스크리닝을 통해 질병 저항성 기전을 밝히고자 하였다. 다중 오믹스 분석 결과, CD58, WIF1, H6PDA 질병 저항성 기전의 주요 조절 인자로 밝혀졌다. 특히, H6PD는 인간 및 동물 파킨슨병 모델 모두에서 하향 조절되었으며, 알파-시누클레인 응집 조절에 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. H6PD의 과발현은 알파-시누클레인 응집을 감소시킨 반면, H6PD의 억제 및 녹아웃(knockout)은 응집을 증가시켰다. 또한, 도파민성 뉴런에서 H6PD의 과발현은 파킨슨병에서 하향 조절된 유전자들의 발현을 복원시켜, 돌연변이 보유자에서 파킨슨병 저항성의 잠재적인 분자 기전을 밝히는 데 중요한 단서를 제공한다. 본 연구 결과는 파킨슨병 위험 요인을 가진 개인의 질병 저항성에 영향을 미치는 유전적 및 후성유전적 요인, 특히. H6PD가 소포체 (Endosomal reticulum) 관련 경로를 조절하는 역할을 규명함으로써 파킨슨병 발병을 예방할 수 있는 분자 기전에 대한 새로운 통찰을 제공한다.