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동의어 포함
Title Page 2
Contents 5
Abstract 10
Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION 12
1. Parkinson's disease (PD) 12
1) Key pathological features 12
2) The risk factors of PD 18
2. Hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PD) 25
1) The topology and enzymology of H6PD 25
2) The role of H6PD in ER stress 26
3) The role of H6PD in glucose metabolism 27
Chapter 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 30
1. Human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) 30
2. Plasmid construction 30
3. Cell culture and trransfection 31
4. Lentivirus preparation and trnasduction 32
5. Dopaminergic neuron differentiation 32
6. Immunocyto chemistry (ICC) 33
7. Image anlaysis 34
8. Mice 34
9. Tissue preparation 35
10. RNA isolation, cDNA synthesis, Quantitative real-time PCR 35
11. Western blot analysis 36
12. RNA sequencing and data analysis 37
13. ATAC-seq and data analysis 38
14. ATAC-seq Gene set enrichment analysis 39
15. Genome-wide CRISPR Cas9 screen in αSyn BiFC SH-SY5Y 39
16. Data analysis for pooled CRISPR Cas9 screen 41
17. Candidate gene selection and STRING network analysis 41
18. Stereotaxic injection 41
19. Pole test 42
20. Grip-strength test 42
21. Rotarod test 42
22. Statistical analysis 43
Chapter 3. RESULTS 44
1. Patient-derived PD model generation 44
2. Transcriptomic analysis between genetic PD and genetically unaffected 45
3. Chromatin accessibility differences between genetic PD and genetically unaffected 46
4. Genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen identifies regulators of aSyn aggregation 47
5. Candidate gene validation from three independent analyses 49
6. H6PD regulates αSyn aggregation 52
7. H6PD overexpression in LPD human iPSCs-derived dopaminergic neurons modulates gene expression pattern 53
8. Effect of H6PD overexpression on motor dysfunction induced by 6-OHDA 54
Chapter 4. DISCUSSION 98
References 101
논문요약 117
INTRODUCTION 7
Figure 1. Pathways implicated in α-synuclein toxicity 14
Figure 2. The unfolded protein response (UPR) 16
Figure 3. How mutant glucocerebrosidase might result in enhanced α-synuclein aggregation 20
Figure 4. LRRK2 signaling pathway 23
Figure 5. Role of H6PD in the ER 29
RESULTS 7
Figure 1. Schematic overview of the dopaminergic neuron differentiation 56
Figure 2. Characterization of Floor-Plate (PF) marker expression 57
Figure 3. Characterization of dopaminergic neurons 58
Figure 4. Validation of the dopaminergic neuron differentiation 59
Figure 5. Transcriptomic differences in dopaminergic neurons derived from PD patients 60
Figure 6. Confirmation of dopaminergic neuronal differentiation from human iPSCs 61
Figure 7. Transcriptomics differences in genetically unaffected and PD in both mutation... 62
Figure 8. Functional enrichment analysis in PD models 64
Figure 9. RNA-seq heatmap comparison between genetically unaffected and PD groups in... 65
Figure 10. TSS heatmap coverage plots of human iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons 66
Figure 11. Comparative analysis of chromatin accessibility in both mutation groups 67
Figure 12. chipenrich enrichment analysis of differentially accessible regions 68
Figure 13. Schematic overview of the αSyn-BiFC system 69
Figure 14. Characterization of the αSyn-BiFC system 70
Figure 15. Genome-wide CRISPR screening identified candidate genes modulating αSyn... 71
Figure 16. Analysis of candidate genes modulating αSyn aggregation 72
Figure 17. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis of CRISPR screen hits 74
Figure 18. Multi-omic analysis of genes associated with PD-related mutations 75
Figure 19. STRING network analysis of candidate genes in PD-related mutations 77
Figure 20. Analysis of gene expression in human PD samples using publicly available RNA-... 78
Figure 21. Gene expression analysis in a PD-like animal model using RNA-Seq data 79
Figure 22. ATAC-seq and RNA-seq analysis of chromatin accessibility and gene expression... 81
Figure 23. H6PD overexpression reduces αSyn aggregation in αSyn-BiFC cell line 82
Figure 24. H6PD inhibition by Rucaparib increases αSyn aggregation in αSyn-BiFC cell line 83
Figure 25. H6PD knockout increases αSyn aggregation in αSyn-BiFC cell line 84
Figure 26. H6PD overexpression in dopaminergic neurons differentiated from LPD human... 85
Figure 27. Differential gene expression analysis following H6PD overexpression in LPD... 86
Figure 28. Overlap of differentially expressed genes in LPD vs. LPD+H and LPD vs. LH... 87
Figure 29. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis of genes that regulated by H6PD... 88
Figure 30. Expression patterns of ER-associated genes in LPD and LPD+H conditions 90
Figure 31. Experimental design for H6PD overexpression in a 6-OHDA-induced PD mouse... 91
Figure 32. Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) and H6PD expression in the striatum of 6-OHDA-... 93
Figure 33. Effects of H6PD overexpression on motor performance in the Pole test 94
Figure 34. Effects of H6PD overexpression on neuromuscular strength in the Grip Strength... 95
Figure 35. Effects of H6PD overexpression on motor coordination in the Rotarod test 96
Figure 36. Schematic overview of the multi-omics analysis workflow and key findings 97
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