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국회도서관 홈으로 정보검색 소장정보 검색

결과 내 검색

동의어 포함

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Title Page 2

Contents 5

List of Abbreviations 15

Abstract 17

Chapter 1. Literature Review The Emerging Role of Blue Light in Skin Physiology and Dermatologic Research 19

1.1. Introduction 20

1.1.1. What is blue light? 20

1.1.2. The source of blue light 21

1.2. Research on blue light and the eye 25

1.2.1. Visual response 25

1.2.2. Non-visual response 26

1.3. How does the skin sense blue light? 28

1.3.1. Opsin 29

1.3.2. Porphyrin 30

1.3.3. Flavin 30

1.3.4. Nitrosated proteins 30

1.3.5. TRPV1 31

1.4. Skin biology and blue light 34

1.4.1. Oxidative stress 34

1.4.2. Skin barrier damage 35

1.4.3. Inflammation 35

1.4.4. Skin aging 36

1.4.5. Reactive nitrogen species overproduction 36

1.4.6. Hyperpigmentation 37

1.5. Blue light therapy in skin disorder 39

1.5.1. Acne vulgaris 39

1.5.2. Psoriasis Vulgaris 40

1.5.3. Atopic Dermatitis 41

1.5.4. Photoaging 41

1.6. Conclusion 43

Chapter 2. Blue Light induced Pigmentation is Mediated by Both Melanogenesis Activation and Autophagy Inhibition through OPN3-TRPV1 45

Abstract 46

2.1. Introduction 47

2.2. Materials & Methods 49

2.2.1. Materials 49

2.2.2. Cell culture 49

2.2.3. Blue light stimulation 50

2.2.4. Fluo-4 NW calcium assay 50

2.2.5. Cell viability assay 51

2.2.6. Melanin content assay 51

2.2.7. Cellular tyrosinase assay 51

2.2.8. RNA extraction and PCR 52

2.2.9. Western blot analysis 53

2.2.10. Immunofluorescence 53

2.2.11. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay 54

2.2.12. Measurement of autophagic flux 54

2.2.13. Lentiviral infection 55

2.2.14. Statistical analysis 56

2.3. Results 57

2.3.1. Blue light increases melanin synthesis by regulating MITF 57

2.3.2. Blue light activates TRPV1-calcium influx signaling, which results in CREB/p38/ERK pathway through CaMKⅡ activation 60

2.3.3. Blue light activates TRPV1-mediated signaling through OPN3 64

2.3.4. TRPV1-dependent calcium influx downregulates CLU expression, leading to the nuclear translocation of PAX3 70

2.3.5. Blue light decreases the interaction between CLU and LC3B, resulting in the interference with melanosome degradation 74

2.4. Discussion 78

Chapter 3. Anti-melanoma activity of blue light irradiation is mediated by disruption of intracellular Ca²⁺ homeostasis through TRPV1-IP₃R axis 82

Abstract 83

3.1. Introduction 84

3.2. Materials & Methods 86

3.2.1. Antibodies 86

3.2.2. Cell culture 86

3.2.3. Blue light stimulation 87

3.2.4. Measurement of calcium levels 87

3.2.5. MitoSOX 88

3.2.6. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay 88

3.2.7. Cell Titer Glo assay 88

3.2.8. Clonogenic assay 89

3.2.9. 5-Ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation assay 89

3.2.10. Cell cycle and Apoptosis assay 90

3.2.11. Luciferase reporter and β-Galactosidase activity assays 90

3.2.12. RNA extraction and PCR 91

3.2.13. Western blot analysis 93

3.2.14. Cytochrome C release assay 93

3.2.15. Immunofluorescence 94

3.2.16. JC-1 assay 94

3.2.17. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay 95

3.2.18. Proximal ligation assay (PLA assay) 96

3.2.19. siRNA transfection 96

3.2.20. Statistical analysis 97

3.3. Results 98

3.3.1. Blue light suppressed proliferation and promoted apoptosis in melanoma cells 98

3.3.2. Inhibition of cell growth was mediated through delay in G2/M phase followed by DNA damage, especially double strand break 101

3.3.3. Blue light disrupted intracellular Ca²⁺ homeostasis through activation of TRPV1 on ER membrane 105

3.3.4. Loss of control of IP₃R increased the cytosolic Ca²⁺ level, leading to mitochondrial damage through MCU 112

3.3.5. TRPV1 mediated blue light-induced ER stress and cell viability 116

3.3.6. CLU acted as a positive regulator of NF-κB signaling pathway by interacting with IκBα 119

3.4. Discussion 123

Chapter 4. Blue Light Disrupts the Circadian Rhythm Through ATF6, Leading to Premature Aging in Human Skin 127

Abstract 128

4.1. Introduction 129

4.2. Materials & Methods 132

4.2.1. Antibodies 132

4.2.2. Cell culture 132

4.2.3. Blue light stimulation 133

4.2.4. Cell synchronization 133

4.2.5. Cell Titer Glo assay 133

4.2.6. 5-Ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation assay 133

4.2.7. RNA extraction and PCR 134

4.2.8. Western blot analysis 136

4.2.9. Luciferase reporter and β-Galactosidase activity assays 137

4.2.10. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay 137

4.2.11. Senescence β-Galactosidase assay 138

4.2.12. Statistical analysis 139

4.3. Results 140

4.3.1. Blue light-induced ER stress impaired expressions of clock genes in human keratinocyte 140

4.3.2. Blue light disrupted circadian oscillation of clock genes through ATF6 144

4.3.3. Blue light inhibited the degradation of p53, maintaining its stability and leading to p21 upregulation 148

4.3.4. Disruption of circadian rhythm downregulated proliferation through cell cycle arrest 151

4.3.5. Blue light altered AhR oscillation and its activity in a clock-dependent manner 154

4.3.6. Blue light exposure accelerated cellular senescence 157

4.4. Discussion 162

References 164

논문요약 190

List of Tables 12

Table 1-1. Comparison of intensity of light emitted by the sun between 470 to 480 nm and... 23

Table 1-2. Irradiance of electronic devices measured by wavelength at a distance of 1 cm... 24

List of Figures 13

Figure 1-1. Solar radiation spectrum 22

Figure 1-2. Blue light sensing molecules located in the skin cells and cellular responses 32

Figure 1-3. Skin structure and the cell populations 33

Figure 2-1. Blue light stimulated melanogenesis 59

Figure 2-2. Blue light activated TRPV1-calcium influx signaling, following the activation of... 63

Figure 2-3. Blue light activated TRPV1-mediated signaling through OPN3 66

Figure 2-4. Blue light activated TRPV1-mediated melanogenesis 68

Figure 2-5. TRPV1-dependent calcium influx downregulated CLU expression, leading to the... 72

Figure 2-6. Blue light reduced autophagy, resulting in the interference with melanosome... 76

Figure 2-7. Schematic diagram representing the action mechanism of blue light-induced... 81

Figure 3-1. Blue light inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis 99

Figure 3-2. Blue light induced G2/M cell cycle arrest and DNA damage 104

Figure 3-3. Blue light induces Ca²⁺ influx via TRPV1 on ER membrane, leading to ER stress 109

Figure 3-4. Mild ER stress activated IRE1α-X BP1 axis 111

Figure 3-5. Dysregulation of IP₃R promoted cytosolic Ca²⁺ accumulation and mitochondrial... 114

Figure 3-6. Knockdown of TRPV1 induces mild ER stress 117

Figure 3-7. CLU regulated NF-κB signaling through interaction with IκBα 121

Figure 4-1. Blue light-induced ER stress impaired expression of clock genes in human... 143

Figure 4-2. Blue light disrupted circadian oscillation of clock genes via ATF6 147

Figure 4-3. Blue light inhibited p53 degradation, maintaining its stability and promoting... 150

Figure 4-4. Blue light downregulated cell proliferation via G2/M cell cycle arrest 152

Figure 4-5. Blue light altered AhR oscillation and activity in a clock-dependent manner 155

Figure 4-6. Blue light exposure accelerated cellular senescence 160

Figure 4-7. Blue light exposure accelerated cellular senescence in human fibroblast 161

초록보기

 청색광은 가시광선 중 높은 에너지를 가지는 영역 (380-500 nm)으로, 피부에 다양한 생물학적 영향을 미치는 것으로 보고되고 있다. 일반적으로 청색광의 세포 독성 효과가 보고되고 있지만, 최근 연구에서는 여러 피부 질환의 치료에 있어 가능성도 제시되고 있다. 그러나 청색광의 생물학적 효과에 대한 연구는 아직 제한적이며 대부분 현상 관찰 수준에 머물러 있어, 청색과의 장기적 사용 시 안정성에 대한 우려와 함께 그 분자적 기전을 규명할 필요성이 강조되고 있다. 본 연구는 청색광에 의해 유도되는 피부 반응의 분자적 기전을 규명하고, 청색광 치료의 안전성과 유효성을 향상시킬 수 있는 표적 분자를 발굴하는 것을 목적으로 한다.

본 연구는 다양한 피부 세포에서 청색광이 피부 색소침착, 항암 효과, 그리고 생체 리듬 조절에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 특히, 피부 세포에서 발현되는 비선택적 양이온 채널인 TRPV1 의 역할에 주목하였으며, TRPV1 이 세포 내 칼슘 농도의 변화 등 항상성 교란으로 유도되는 스트레스 반응에 관여하는 것을 확인하였다.

TRPV1 은 OPN3 의 하위 신호전달 인자로 확인되었으며, 청색광에 의해 활성화되고 발현이 증가하면서 세포 내 칼슘 유입을 유도하였다. 세포 내 칼슘 이온의 농도가 증가하면서 멜라닌 색소 생성이 촉진되는 동시에 멜라노좀의 분해가 억제되어 색소 침착이 유발되었다. 나아가, 청색광은 소포체에 존재하는 TRPV1 을 활성화시켜 소포체 스트레스와 함께 미접힘 단백질 반응을 유도하였다. 흑색종 세포에서는 이로 인한 과도한 소포체 스트레스가 IRE1α 신호를 억제하고 칼슘 항상성을 붕괴시켜 항암 효과를 나타냈다. 각질형성세포에서는 ATF6 경로를 통해 유도된 소포체 스트레스가 피부 생체리듬을 조절함으로써 피부 노화를 가속화할 가능성이 제기되었다.

본 연구 결과는 청색광에 대한 피부 반응의 분자적 기전을 통합적으로 이해하는데 기여하며, 향후 보다 안전하고 표적화 된 기전 기반의 피부 치료 전략 개발에 기여할 것으로 기대된다.