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Title Page 2
Contents 7
Abstract 12
1. Introduction 13
1.1. Principle and Dynamics of Thermogalvanic cells 17
1.2. Performance evaluation of Thermogalvanic cells 21
Progress in redox couple 25
P-type redox couple 25
Need of n-type redox couple 26
N-type redox pairs 26
2. Strategies employed in TGC 29
Phase addition and transition effects 33
Synergistic effect of thermodiffusion and thermogalvanic effects 38
Other novel strategies 42
3. Aims and Objectives 44
Aim 44
Objective 44
1. Design and Synthesis of Thermoresponsive Redox Polymers 44
2. Investigation of Thermopower Enhancement Mechanism 44
3. Electrochemical and Thermal Characterization 44
4. Experimental Section 45
Materials 45
Material Synthesis 45
Synthesis of Ferrocene Acrylate 45
Synthesis of Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) 46
Synthesis of Ferrocene Acrylate-co-NIPAM Copolymer 47
Fabrication of Liquid Thermocell 47
Electrochemical measurements 48
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) 49
Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) 50
5. Result and Discussion 50
5.1. Synthesis and characterization of Synthesis of Ferrocene Acrylate 50
5.2. Synthesis and characterization of p(ferrocene acrylate-co-NIPAM) 51
5.3. Measurement of thermopower of different ferrocene derivatives 57
5.4. Electrochemical characterization of p(ferrocene acrylate-co-NIPAM) 59
5.5. Theoretical explanation on enhancement of thermopower 63
5.6. Effect of supporting electrolyte in p(ferrocene acrylate-co-NIPAM) 64
6. Conclusion 69
7. Perspectives and Future direction 70
8. References 72
국문요약 87
Figure 1. A Systematic review of thermogalvanic cell utilization 16
Figure 2. Overview of TGC dynamics 20
Figure 3. Schematic illustrations of thermocell systems demonstrating enhanced Sₑ... 33
Figure 4. Thermopower enhancement through multi-phasic systems and phase transitions 38
Figure 5. Enhancing thermopower with ionic-based thermoelectrics and redox couples 42
Figure 6. Synthetic route to the ferrocene acrylate 46
Figure 7. Synthetic route to the p(NIPAM) 46
Figure 8. Synthetic route to the p(NIPAM-co-ferrocene acrylate) 47
Figure 9. Thermogalvanic measurement setup, (a) Schematic showing the Peltier device... 49
Figure 10. 1H-NMR spectrum of the ferrocene acrylate monomer (FA), illustrating... 51
Figure 11. 1H-NMR spectrum of the p(NIPAM-co-FcA), illustrating characteristic... 52
Figure 12. Transition of polymer before and after LCST 53
Figure 13. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) showing coil-to-globule transition at 30℃ and 32℃ 54
Figure 14. FTIR spectra at different temperature of p(NIPAM-co-FcA) 56
Figure 15. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) curve of p(NIPAM-co-FcA), indicating... 57
Figure 16. Thermogalvanic performance of various ferrocene-based derivatives: Ferrocene-... 59
Figure 17. Schematic of working of thermogalvanic cell based on p(ferrocene acrylate-co-... 60
Figure 18. Working of thermogalvanic cell (a) Time, temperature and voltage result with... 61
Figure 19. Long-term stability showing constant voltage output over time 62
Figure 20. Current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of ferrocene derivatives at ΔT = 12K(black... 63
Figure 21. Enhancement in current output upon the addition of 0.05 M NaCl as a... 65
Figure 22. Bode plot comparing the impedance response of p(NIPAM-co-FcA) with and... 66
Figure 23. Nyquist plots of the p(NIPAM-co-FcA) in the absence (left) and presence(right)... 67
Figure 24. Comparison of CTR showing a decrease from 23,420 Ω (without NaCl) to 116... 67
Figure 25. Thermogalvanic operation of p(NIPAM-co-FcA) with 0.05 M NaCl (a) Time... 68
Figure 26. Power output characteristics demonstrating the impact of NaCl addition 69
Figure 27. Challenges and Future Research Directions in Thermogalvanic Cells 72
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