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Title Page 2
Contents 5
Abstract 10
Ⅰ. Introduction 12
Ⅱ. Materials and methods 14
Ⅱ-1. Materials 14
Ⅱ-2. Phage preparation 14
Ⅱ-2-1. Bacterial strains and growth conditions 14
Ⅱ-2-2. Phage isolation, purification, and propagation 14
Ⅱ-3. Characterization of the phage SAC 15
Ⅱ-3-1. Analysis of phage particles via transmission electron microscopy (TEM) 15
Ⅱ-3-2. Bacterial inhibition assay 15
Ⅱ-3-3. Thermal and pH stability 15
Ⅱ-3-4. Determination of host range 16
Ⅱ-4. Phage DNA extraction and genomic analysis 17
Ⅱ-4-1. Phage DNA extraction 17
Ⅱ-4-2. Whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis 17
Ⅱ-5. Film preparation 18
Ⅱ-6. Characterization of the film 19
Ⅱ-6-1. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy 19
Ⅱ-6-2. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis of the film 19
Ⅱ-6-3. Solubility 19
Ⅱ-6-4. Moisture content 20
Ⅱ-6-5. Water vapor permeability (WVP) 20
Ⅱ-7. Phage release ability 21
Ⅱ-8. Enzyme extraction assay 21
Ⅱ-9. Anti-bacterial activity analysis 22
Ⅱ-9-1. In-vitro bactericidal efficacy 22
Ⅱ-9-2. Food application 22
Ⅱ-10. Statistical analysis 23
Ⅲ. Results and discussions 24
Ⅲ-1. Characterization of phage SAC 24
Ⅲ-1-1. Morphological characterization 24
Ⅲ-1-2. Bacterial growth inhibition efficacy 26
Ⅲ-1-3. Thermal and pH stability 28
Ⅲ-1-4. Host inhibition range 30
Ⅲ-1-5. Genomic analysis of phage 32
Ⅲ-1-6. Phylogenetic analysis 34
Ⅲ-2. Determination of the pectin crosslinked film composition 36
Ⅲ-2-1. Selection of optimal composition of pectin film containing SAC 36
Ⅲ-2-2. Determination of the calcium chloride immersion concentration 37
Ⅲ-3. Characterization of the Ca5P film 39
Ⅲ-3-1. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) 39
Ⅲ-3-2. SEM analysis 41
Ⅲ-3-3. Solubility and moisture content 43
Ⅲ-3-4. WVP 46
Ⅲ-4. Changes in Ca5P film properties in the presence of pectinase 48
Ⅲ-4-1. Change in moisture properties of Ca5P films in pectinase solution 49
Ⅲ-4-2. Change in phage release from Ca5P 51
Ⅲ-5. Antibacterial activity of calcium crosslinked pectin film 53
Ⅲ-5-1. Antibacterial efficacy in vitro 53
Ⅲ-5-2. Antibacterial efficacy in soy milk 54
Ⅳ. Conclusion 57
Ⅴ. References 58
국문요약 65
Fig. 1. Morphology of phage SAC. The transmission electron micrograph was obtained using... 25
Fig. 2. Bacterial growth inhibition efficacy of SAC. The phage was applied during the early... 27
Fig. 3. Thermal and pH stability of phage SAC over 30 min. (A) Survivability of SAC at various... 29
Fig. 4. Genomic analysis of SAC. The outer circle represents the predicted open reading frames... 33
Fig. 5. Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree. The tree was constructed based on the amino acid sequence... 35
Fig. 6. Phage release from pectin films with varying concentrations of pectin and calcium chloride. (A)... 38
Fig. 7. FT-IR spectra of pectin film (P1.5) and calcium-crosslinked pectin films (Ca5P and Ca7P) in the... 40
Fig. 8. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of P1.5, Ca3P, Ca5P, and Ca7P films, prepared... 42
Fig. 9. Solubility and moisture content of pectin-based films (P1.5, Ca5P, and Ca7P). (A) solubility and... 45
Fig. 10. Water vapor permeability (WVP) of the films of P1.5, Ca5P, and Ca7P. Black bar, WVP of P1.5;... 47
Fig. 11. Solubility of Ca5P films depending on pectinase concentration. Data are presented as mean±... 50
Fig. 12. Phage release profiles from Ca5P films with varying pectinase concentrations. Black line, 0... 52
Fig. 13. Antibacterial efficacy of Ca5P films in culture medium and soy milk. (A) Bacterial grwoth in... 56
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