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This essay examines the seventeenth century New England Congregationalists’ doctrine of the “church covenant” and its relationship with the “half-way covenant.” According to Perry Miller, there is a radical discontinuity between them. Miller points out three major differences. First, the half-way covenant introduced a new internal/external distinction into the early fathers’ church covenant, while the latter had considered their church covenant as a visible form of the internal covenant of grace. Second, accordingly, the defenders of the half-way covenant “drastically separated” the church covenant from the covenant of grace. As a result, the church covenant was “no longer viewed as a direct manifestation of spiritual conversion.” Third, there was a generation gap: While the old generation opposed the principle of the half-way covenant, the young generation tended to defend it. Miller shared the early seventeenth century critics’ view of the church covenant--as shown in Samuel Rutherford's polemical works against New England Congregationalism. Rutherford, for example, tended to identify Thomas Hooker’s concept of the church covenant with the Separatists’ view of it which was deeply rooted in their “pure church” ecclesiology. Both Rutherford’s and Miller’s thesis, however, represent a one-sided view. Hooker and his brethren present enough counter-evidence to show that the principle of the half-way covenant should be compatible with the early doctrine of the church covenant: First, the internal/external distinction does not belong to a later development because it was a basic feature for Hooker’s doctrine of the church covenant. Hooker clearly sees his church covenant as an external--not internal--covenant. Second, Hooker and his brethren make a significant distinction between the invisible/inward covenant of grace and the visible/outward covenant of grace. The latter, Hooker argues, is given for the visible church--either an explicit or an implicit form of church covenant. Third, Hooker’s church covenant does not ify the traditional distinction of the visible/invisible church. On the contrary, it must preserve it. Finally, unlike Miller’s thought, the majority of the early Congregationalists--even in the 1630s--actually favored the principle of the half-way covenant. The above facts must account for the reason why the defenders of the half-way covenant could claim that they had the fathers of Congregationalism (including Hooker) on their side. In short, the complex reality demands that we should seek a more balanced approach to the issue of continuity/discontinuity between the church covenant and the half-way covenant.

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기사명 저자명 페이지 원문 목차
카이사레이아의 감독 바실레이오스의 경제사상에 관한 연구 김유준 pp.7-34

츠빙글리와 칼빈의 실천적 삼단논법 연구 : 칼빈의 실천적 삼단논법에 대한 영향사적 고찰 조용석 pp.35-59

성 화상에 대한 종교개혁가들의 태도 이정구 pp.61-85

고트프리드 아놀드(Gottfried Arnold) : 그의 생애 속에 나타난 신학적 변화와 연속성에 관한 논의 이상조 pp.87-120

존 웨슬리(John Wesley)의 "사회적 성결"(Social Holiness)에 대한 재고찰 박창훈 pp.121-149

뉴잉글랜드 청교도의 교회언약과 절반언약(Half-Way Covenant)의 성격 : 러더포드-후커 논쟁(1643-58)을 통해 본 밀러 테제와 이에 대한 비판적 고찰 안상혁 pp.151-182

기독교인의 정치 참여에 대한 연구 : 존 칼빈(John Calvin: 1509-1564)과 아브라함 카위퍼(Abraham Kuyper: 1837-1920)의 비교 연구를 중심으로 안인섭 pp.183-229

신민회 창립에 따른 상동파의 역사적 위상과 정신 서영석 pp.231-266

아더 피어선과 호레이스 언더우드 : 그들의 만남과 협력과 유산 조상열 pp.267-301

역사의 화해, 화해의 역사 : 한국장로교역사의 새로운 이해 안교성 pp.303-332

개신교 영성에 대한 역사적 개관 : 신비주의를 중심으로 배덕만 pp.333-373

참고문헌 (42건) : 자료제공( 네이버학술정보 )

참고문헌 목록에 대한 테이블로 번호, 참고문헌, 국회도서관 소장유무로 구성되어 있습니다.
번호 참고문헌 국회도서관 소장유무
1 Allin, John. Animadversions upon the Antisynodalia Americana. Cambridge, Mass.: S. G., 1664. 미소장
2 Ash, Simeon and William Rathband ed. A Letter of Many Ministers in Old England. London: Printed for Thomas Underhill, 1643. 미소장
3 Ball, John. A Tryal of the New-Church in New England. London: Paine & Simmons, 1644. 미소장
4 Chauncy, Charles. Anti-Synodalia Scripta Americana. London, 1662. 미소장
5 Congregational Churches in Massachusetts. Propositions Concerning the Subject of Baptism and Consociation of Churches. Cambridge, Mass.: S. G., 1662. 미소장
6 Cotton, John. The Keyes of the Kingdom of Heaven. London: M. Simmons, 1644. 미소장
7 Cotton, John. The Way of the Churches of Christ in New England. London: Matthew Simmons, 1645. 미소장
8 Cotton, John. The Way of Congregational Churches Cleared. London: Matthew Simmons, 1648. 미소장
9 Cotton, John. Of The Holiness of Church Members. London: F.N. for Hanna Allen, 1650. 미소장
10 Cotton, John. A Treatise of the Covenant of Grace. London: James Cottrell, 1659. 미소장
11 Davenport, John. Another Essay for Investigation of the Truth. With Increase Mather’s “Preface.” Cambridge, Mass.: Samuel Green and Marmaduke Johnson, 1663. 미소장
12 Hooker, Thomas. “John Paget’s XX Questions (Propositions) and Thomas Hooker’s Answer.” In Writings in England and Holland, 1626-1633. 277-91. Edited by George H & Williams et al. Cambridge: Harvard, 1975. 미소장
13 Hooker, Thomas. A Survey of the Summe of Church-Discipline. London: A. M., 1648. 미소장
14 Hooker, Thomas. The Covenant of Grace Opened. London: Printed by G. Dawson, 1649. 미소장
15 Mather, Increase. A Discourse Concerning the Subject of Baptisme. Cambridge: S. G., 1675. 미소장
16 Mather, Increase. The First Principles of New-England, Concerning the Subject of Baptisme & Communion of Churches. Cambridge, Mass.:Samuel Green, 1675. 미소장
17 Mather, Richard. An Apologie of the Churches in New England for Church Covenant. London: R.O. and G. D. for Benjamin Allen, 1643. 미소장
18 Mather, Richard. Church Government and Church Covenant Discussed. London: R.O. and G.D. 1643. 미소장
19 Mather, Richard. A Reply to Mr. Rutherford. London: for J. Rothwell, & H. Allen, 1647. 미소장
20 Mitchell, Jonathan and Mather, Richard. A Peaceable and Temperate Plea for Paul’s Presbytery in Scotland. London: J. B., 1642. 미소장
21 Mitchell, Jonathan and Mather, Richard. The Due Right of Presbyteries. London: E. Griffin, 1644. 미소장
22 Mitchell, Jonathan and Mather, Richard. The Divine Right of Church Government and Excommunication. London: John Field, 1646. 미소장
23 Mitchell, Jonathan and Mather, Richard. A Free Disputation against Pretended Liberty of Conscience. London: R. I., 1649. 미소장
24 Mitchell, Jonathan and Mather, Richard. A Survey of A Survey of that Summe of Church Discipline penned by Mr. Thomas Hooker. London: J. C., 1658. 미소장
25 Mitchell, Jonathan and Mather, Richard. A Defence of the Answer and Arguments of the Synod met at Boston in the year 1662. Cambridge, Mass.: S G., 1664. 미소장
26 연구논문 : 16 세기 영국 청교도 언약사상 형성의 역사적 배경 네이버 미소장
27 원종천. 청교도 언약사상: 개혁운동의 힘 . 서울: 대한기독교서회, 2010. 미소장
28 뉴잉글랜드 청교도들의 언약 사상과 교회의 사회적 책임론의 상관관계 연구 소장
29 Ahn, Sang Hyuck. “Covenant in Conflict: The Controversy over the Church Covenant between Samuel Rutherford and Thomas Hooker.” Ph.D. diss. Calvin Theological Seminary, 2011. 미소장
30 The Half-Way Covenant and Religious Scrupulosity: The First Church of Dorchester, Massachusetts, as a Test Case 네이버 미소장
31 Cooper James F. Jr. Tenacious of Their Liberties: The Congregationalists in Colonial Massachusetts. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. 미소장
32 Preparation and Confession: Reconsidering Edmund S. Morgan's Visible Saints 네이버 미소장
33 Foster, Stephen. The Long Argument: English Puritanism and the Shaping of New England Culture, 1570-1700. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991. 미소장
34 Holifield, E. Brooks. The Covenant Sealed: The Development of Puritan Sacramental Theology in Old and New England, 1570-1720. Eugene: Wipf & Stock, 2002. 미소장
35 The Half-Way Covenant 네이버 미소장
36 Miller, Perry. The New England Mind: The Seventeenth Century. New York: Macmillan, 1939. 미소장
37 Miller, Perry. The New England Mind: From Colony to Province. London & Cambridge: The Belknap Press, 1953. 미소장
38 New England Puritanism: Another Approach 네이버 미소장
39 Morgan, Edmund S. Visible Saints: The History of a Puritan Idea. Ithaca & London: Cornell University Press, 1963. 미소장
40 Pope, Robert G. The Half-Way Covenant: Church Membership in Puritan New England. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969. 미소장
41 God's Bridge Falling Down: "Another Approach" to New England Puritanism Assayed 네이버 미소장
42 Weir, David A. Early New England: A Covenanted Society. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2005. 미소장

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