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캐리 챕프맨 캣의 인종차별주의-민주주의와 편의주의의 기로에서 / 박현숙 1

I. 들어가는 말 1

II. 참정권 운동가의 탄생과 인종차별주의의 시작 9

III. 1900년-1904년 전미협회 회장, 캐리 챕프맨 캣의 인종차별주의 18

IV. 1915년-1920년 전미협회 회장, 캐리 챕프맨 캣의 편의주의 27

V. 맺음말 38

〈Abstract〉 40

초록보기

 Carrie Chapman, as the president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), led the organization efficiently and successfully to secure the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1919. Right after the passage of the Amendment she planned so well for ratification that the bill was made law within eighteen months.

She was considered to be an indefatigable leader, excellent organizer and compelling speaker. She served as president of the NAWSA for two sessions, from 1900-1904 and again from 1915-1916. The reason she was selected as the second president of the NAWSA for the first term to succeed Susan B. Anthony was because Anthony appreciated her ability as an organizer which was desperately needed in the organization. Historians also agreed that she transformed the huge, disorganized group into a purposeful and efficient organization.

However, in spite of her achievement and contribution to woman's suffrage the issue of racial exclusion has complicated Catt's legacy. The name tags of suffragist and racist do not belong together because suffragists demand woman's enfranchisement on the grounds of the natural rights that women are created equal to men and have the same inalienable rights to political liberty. Therefore, Catt's argument of racial exclusion and denying natural rights to specific races contradicts her demand for the cause and also desecrates the history of the woman's suffrage movement during in the abolitionist movement.

However, historians have diverse opinions on her attitude of racial exclusion. Some criticize her racial exclusion severely, some understand her position, recognizing that the end justified the means and some argue that Catt revised her perspectives on racial exclusion because of her involvement in the international woman's suffrage movement and retained her egalitarian trajectory toward the end of her career.

In this essay I discuss whether she had a perspective of racial exclusion; and if so, what brought her to that point. I will show how she expressed her recourse in racist language in her speeches, whether she shifted her language from an exclusionary position, and if then, why she revised her perspective. Finally, my discussion covers whether she kept her egalitarian thought toward the end of her career.

In the first chapter I examine her career from her engaging in the suffrage movement through just before becoming the president of NAWSA. Her experiences during her campaigns in South Dakota, Colorado, Kansas and California, confirmed her hostility towards Native Americans. She then had firm motives to be exclusive toward foreign immigrants and African Americans.

In the second chapter I examine her speeches during the first term of her presidency. I analyze how she expressed her animosity towards Native American, African Americans and foreign immigrants. She stated that their votes were bought by political bosses. This would confirm the dominancy of the bosses who did not want to reform society. The chapter also shows how her voice affected the attitude of NAWSA members toward racial problems.

In the third chapter I examine her speeches given during her second term of the presidency. These show how her exclusionary language toward specific races was omitted and how her exclusionary attitude seemed to change.

However, I reached the conclusion that even though her language seemed to change a little her perspectives were not fundamentally changed. Three incidents in 1919 and 1920 confirmed her racial prejudices. She was affected by suffrage campaigns in the midwest and in the west. These confirmed to her that foreign immigrants, Native Americans and African Americans were an obstacle to the woman's suffrage movement. She recognized cultural diversity, and racial exclusion wrong. However, she could not get completely away from her racial prejudices; although she thought certain people could be improved by education and changed on the basis of her evolutionary perspective. She could not also overcome her class oriented perspectives about the virtues and intelligence of white middle class women.

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참고문헌 (59건) : 자료제공( 네이버학술정보 )

참고문헌 목록에 대한 테이블로 번호, 참고문헌, 국회도서관 소장유무로 구성되어 있습니다.
번호 참고문헌 국회도서관 소장유무
1 연방헌법 수정조항 제19조의 제정 : 전국여성당, 전미여성참정권협회 그리고 윌슨의 역할을 중심으로 소장
2 Jacqueline Van Voris, Carrie Chapman Catt: A Public Life (New York: The Feminist Press at the City University of New York, 1987), p. vii. 미소장
3 Aileen S. Kraditor, The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement, 1890-1920 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1965), p. 13; 미소장
4 Robert Booth Fowler, Carrie Catt: Feminist Politician (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1986) pp. 30, 106. 미소장
5 Carrie Chapman Catt and the Evolutionary Politics of Sex and Race, 1885-1940 네이버 미소장
6 William P. O'Neill, Everyone Was Brave: The Rise and Fall of Feminism in America (Chicago: Quadrangle, 1969), pp. 125-126. 미소장
7 Robert Booth Fowler, Carrie Catt, pp. 134, 89. 미소장
8 Aileen S. Kraditor, The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement, p. 38. 미소장
9 Jacqueline Van Voris, Carrie Chapman Catt, viii, p. 105; 미소장
10 Suzanne M. Marilley, Woman Suffrage and the Origins of Liberal Feminism in the United State, 1820-1920 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996), p. 196. 미소장
11 Kevin S. Amidon, “Carrie Chapman Catt and the Evolutionary Politics of Sex and Race, 1885-1940,” p. 319. 미소장
12 Marjorie Spruill Wheeler, New Women of the New South: The Leaders of the Woman Suffrage Movement in the Southern States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993); 미소장
13 Anne D. Gordon, “Woman(Not University Suffrage) by Federal Amendment,” in Jean H. Baker ed., Votes for Women: The Suffrage Struggle Revisited (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 4; 미소장
14 Rosalyn Terborg-Penn, “African American Women and the Woman Suffrage Movement,” in Wheeler ed., One Woman, One Vote: Rediscovering the Suffrage Movement (Troutdale, Ord,: NewSage Press, 1995), p. 137; 미소장
15 Louise Michele Newman, White Women’s Rights: The Racial Origins of Feminism in the United States (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 4-5. 미소장
16 Suzanne Lebsock, “Woman Suffrage and White Supremacy: A Virginia Case Study,” In Nacy A. Hewitt and Suzannee Lebsock eds., Visible Women: New Essays on American Activism (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993), pp. 63, 65, 66. 미소장
17 Elna C. Green, Southern Strategies: Southern Women and the Woman Suffrage Question (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997). 미소장
18 Mary Gray Peck, Carrie Chapman Catt: A Biography (New York: Octagon Books, 1944, 1975). 미소장
19 Jacqueline Van Voris, Carrie Chapman Catt, p. 5. 미소장
20 Robert Booth Fowler, Carrie Catt, p. 6. 미소장
21 Jacqueline Van Voris, Carrie Chapman Catt, pp. 15-16. 미소장
22 Carrie Chapman Catt, “South Dakota Women,” Woman’s Standard, November 1890, p. 8. 미소장
23 Susan B. Anthony and Ida H. Harper, eds., History of Woman Suffrage, Vol. 4, pp. 555-556. 미소장
24 Suzanne M. Marilley, Woman Suffrage and the Origins of Liberal Feminism in the United State, pp. 137-138. 미소장
25 Robert Booth Fowler, Carrie Catt, p. 18 미소장
26 Jacqueline Van Voris, Carrie Chapman Catt, pp. 43-46. 미소장
27 Carrie Chapman Catt and Nettie Rogers Shuler, Woman Suffrage and Politics: the Inner Story of the Suffrage Movement (New York: Charles Scribner’s Son, 1923), pp. 119-122. 미소장
28 Woman’s Journal, December 15, 1894. 미소장
29 Catt and Shuler, Woman Suffrage and Politics, p. 123. 미소장
30 Robert Booth Fowler, Carrie Catt, p. 23. 미소장
31 Carrie Chapman Catt, “Why We Ask for the Submission of an Amendment,” in Susan B. Anthony and Ida Husted Harper eds., History of Woman Suffrage Vol. 4, 1883-1900 (New York: Arno & the New York Times, 1969), pp. 369-371. 미소장
32 Carrie Chapman Catt, “Mrs. Chapman Catt’s Annual Address, 1901”, Woman’s Journal, June 8, 1901. 미소장
33 Carrie Chapman Catt, “Presidential Address, 1902”, Karlyn Kohrs Campbell, Man Cannot Speak for Her: Key Texts of the Early Feminists, Vol. 2 (Westport, Conn: Praeger, 1989b, 부산대 소장), pp. 461-481. 미소장
34 Aileen S. Kraditor, The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement, p. 159. 미소장
35 “The Race Question at New Orleans,” Woman’s Journal, March 28, 1903. 미소장
36 “Mrs. Catt’s Address,” Woman’s Journal 34 April 25, 1903. 미소장
37 Aileen S. Kraditor, The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement, p. 144. 미소장
38 “Mrs. Catt’s Address,” Woman’s Journal, February 20, 1904. 미소장
39 Mary Gray Peck, Carrie Chapman Catt, p. 133. 미소장
40 Robert Booth Fowler, Carrie Catt, p. 24. 미소장
41 Robert Booth Fowler, Carrie Catt, pp. 26-27. 미소장
42 Jacqueline Van Voris, Carrie Chapman Catt, p. 129. 미소장
43 Sara Hunter Graham, Woman Suffrage and the New Democracy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996), p. 86. 미소장
44 Aileen S. Kraditor, The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement, p. 167. 미소장
45 Carrie Chapman Catt, “Why Women Want to Vote,” Woman’s Journal 46, January 9, 1915. 미소장
46 Carrie Chapman Catt, “The Crisis, Atlantic City, NJ, 1916”, in Karlyn Kohrs Campbell, Man Cannot Speak for Her: Key Texts of the Early Feminists, Vol. 2 (Westport, Conn: Praeger, 1989b, 부산대 소장), pp. 483-502. 미소장
47 Perfecting the Rhetorical Vision of Woman's Rights: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Anna Howard Shaw, and Carrie Chapman Catt 네이버 미소장
48 Jacqueline Van Voris, Carrie Chapman Catt, pp. 132-133 미소장
49 Carrie Chapman Catt, “Address to the United States Congress,” 1917 in Karlyn Kohrs Campbell, Man Cannot Speak for Her: Key Texts of the Early Feminists, Vol. 2 (Westport, Conn: Praeger, 1989b, 부산대 소장), pp. 503-532. 미소장
50 C.C.C., “Votes For All: A Symposium,” Crisis (November 1917), pp. 19-21, 미소장
51 Carrie Chapman Catt, “Applied Democracy,” Crisis (November 1917), pp. 19-21, 미소장
52 Carrie Chapman Catt and the Evolutionary Politics of Sex and Race, 1885-1940 네이버 미소장
53 Aileen S. Kraditor, The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement, p. 117. 미소장
54 Sara Hunter Graham, Woman Suffrage and the New Democracy, pp. 124-127 미소장
55 Carrie Chapman Catt and Nettie Rogers Shuler, Woman Suffrage and Politics, pp. 335-336 미소장
56 Aileen S. Kraditor, The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement, p. 168. 미소장
57 A Elizabeth Taylor, The Woman Suffrage Movement in Tennessee (New York: Bookman, 1957), p. 117, Robert Booth Fowler, Carrie Catt, p. 88에서 재인용. 미소장
58 Mary G. Peck to Maud Wood Park (July 2, 1943), National American Woman Suffrage Association Papers, Library of Congress 24, Robert Booth Fowler, Carrie Catt, p. 88에서 재인용. 미소장
59 C.C.C. to Mary G. Peck (October 15, 1919), Catt Papers, Library of Congress, P80-5453 미소장

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