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Objectives：The purpose of this study was to examine the association of exposures to heavy metals with positive diagnosis for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and Tourette’s syndrome (TS).

Methods：Study participants included 27 children diagnosed with ADHD (9.9±2.9 years of age), 21 diagnosed with Tourette’s disorder (10.7±2.2 years of age), and 45 normal control children (9.6±0.5 years of age). A Perkin-Elmer mass spectrometer was used to measure the concentrations of 5 heavy metals (Pb, Cd, U, Be, Hg) in hair samples obtained from each participant. Each heavy metal concentration was compared among the groups by use of a Kruskal-Wallis test.

Results：The levels of lead (p=.006) and cadmium (p=.037) observed in the hair of children diagnosed with ADHD were significantly higher than those found in the control subjects. There were no significant differences observed for heavy metal levels when comparing TS and control subjects.

Conclusion：We confirmed that lead exposure is a risk factor for ADHD. We also identified that cadmium may be a new candidate risk factor for manifestation of ADHD. We did not find an association between heavy metals and manifestation of TS.

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정상인에서 메칠페니데이트가 학습에 미치는 영향 나경세, 이소영 pp.49-56

약물 복용력이 없는 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애 아동에서의 뒤쪽 내정상태회로 이상 : 휴식상태 기능적 뇌자기공명영상 연구 최지욱, 우영섭, 송승훈, 양보성, 정범석, 고효진 pp.57-62

주의력결핍 과잉행동장애와 뚜렛증후군 아동의 모발 중금속 분석 조성연, 옥선명, 이명훈, 강민희, 김철응, 배재남, 이정섭 pp.63-68

청소년정서행동발달검사 표준화 연구 자료를 활용한 교사의 학교폭력 피해자 인지도 황준원, 방수영, 유한익, 김지훈, 김봉석, 안동현, 서동수, 조수철, 반건호, 이영식 pp.69-75

아동의 우울보고에 따른 부모 아동행동평가의 차이 양재웅, 김유진, 김현수, 신경민, 신윤미 pp.76-81

ADHD 치료에서 가족치료캠프의 적용 황병주, 안동현, 이재영 pp.82-89

참고문헌 (44건) : 자료제공( 네이버학술정보 )

참고문헌 목록에 대한 테이블로 번호, 참고문헌, 국회도서관 소장유무로 구성되어 있습니다.
번호 참고문헌 국회도서관 소장유무
1 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Tourette's syndrome, and restless legs syndrome: the iron hypothesis. 네이버 미소장
2 Patterns and predictors of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder persistence into adulthood: results from the national comorbidity survey replication. 네이버 미소장
3 Yu YA, Jeong MH. A study on the association between mineral concentration in children`s hair and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Korean J Environ Health 2004;30:41-49. 미소장
4 Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 네이버 미소장
5 Tic disorders: from pathophysiology to treatment. 네이버 미소장
6 Secondary tics and tourettism. 네이버 미소장
7 The central role of magnesium deficiency in Tourette's syndrome: causal relationships between magnesium deficiency, altered biochemical pathways and symptoms relating to Tourette's syndrome and several reported comorbid conditions 네이버 미소장
8 Recent advances in Tourette syndrome. 네이버 미소장
9 Meta-Analysis: Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children With Comorbid Tic Disorders 네이버 미소장
10 Clinical course of Tourette syndrome 네이버 미소장
11 Watts DL. The nutritional relationships of iron. J Orthomolec Med1988;3:110-116. 미소장
12 Kracke KR. Biochemical bases for behavior disorders in children. J Orthomolecular Psychiat 1982;11:289-296. 미소장
13 The Association of Hair Zinc with Metabolic Risk Factors for Selected Women in Korea 소장
14 Hair: A Diagnostic Tool to Complement Blood Serum and Urine 네이버 미소장
15 Cognitive Deficits Associated with Blood Lead Concentrations <10 microg/dL in US Children and Adolescents 네이버 미소장
16 Intellectual impairment in children with blood lead concentrations below 10 microg per deciliter. 네이버 미소장
17 Rogan WJ, Ware JH. Exposure to lead in children--how low is low enough? N Engl J Med 2003;348:1515-1516. 미소장
18 Acquisition and Retention of Lead by Young Children 네이버 미소장
19 Low-level environmental lead exposure and intellectual impairment in children--the current concepts of risk assessment. 네이버 미소장
20 Characterization of Developmental Neurotoxicity of As, Cd, and Pb Mixture: Synergistic Action of Metal Mixture in Glial and Neuronal Functions 네이버 미소장
21 Exposure to Lead and Specific Attentional Problems in Schoolchildren. 네이버 미소장
22 Hwang JW. Association of hair metals and minerals concentrations on ADHD. Seoul: Seoul Univ.;2002. 미소장
23 Very low lead exposures and children's neurodevelopment. 네이버 미소장
24 Rogan WJ, Ware JH. Exposure to lead in children--how low is low enough? N Engl J Med 2003;348:1515-1516. 미소장
25 Braun JM, Kahn RS, Froehlich T, Auinger P, Lanphear BP. Exposures to environmental toxicants and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in U.S. children. Environ Health Perspect 2006;114:1904- 1909. 미소장
26 Low blood lead levels associated with clinically diagnosed attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and mediated by weak cognitive control. 네이버 미소장
27 Pharmacological models of ADHD 네이버 미소장
28 Environmental Risk Factors for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Implications for Clinical Practice 소장
29 Environmental exposure to lead, but not other neurotoxic metals, relates to core elements of ADHD in Romanian children: performance and questionnaire data. 네이버 미소장
30 Cadmium and children: Exposure and health effects 네이버 미소장
31 U.S Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Draft Interaction profile for arsenic, cadmium, chromium and lead. 2002. Available from URL:http://www.elaw.org/node/2155 미소장
32 Gotti C, Cabrini D, Sher E, Clementi F. Effects of long-term in vitro exposure to aluminum, cadmium or lead on differentiation and cholinergic receptor expression in a human neuroblastoma cell line. Cell Biol Toxicol 1987;3:431-440. 미소장
33 Neuropsychological correlates of hair arsenic, manganese, and cadmium levels in school-age children residing near a hazardous waste site 네이버 미소장
34 Werbach M. Nutritional influences on aggressive behavior. J Orthomol Med 1992;7:45-51. 미소장
35 Neuropsychological effects of occupational exposure to cadmium 네이버 미소장
36 Effects of Low Levels of Cadmium and Lead on Cognitive Functioning in Children 네이버 미소장
37 Low lead and cadmium levels and childhood visual-perception development. 네이버 미소장
38 Marlowe M, Errera J, Jacobs J. Increased lead and cadmium burdens among mentally retarded children and children with borderline intelligence. Am J Ment Defic 1983;87:477-483. 미소장
39 Cadmium: a possible etiological factor in peripheral polyneuropathy. 네이버 미소장
40 Neurobehavioural Effects of Occupational Exposure to Cadmium: A Cross Sectional Epidemiological Study 네이버 미소장
41 Comparative effects of organic and inorganic mercury on in vivo dopamine release in freely moving rats. 네이버 미소장
42 Mercury intoxication presenting with tics. 네이버 미소장
43 Mahaffey KR. Nutrition and lead: strategies for public health. Environ Health Perspect 1995;103 Suppl 6:191-196. 미소장
44 Impact of home carpets on childhood lead intervention study 네이버 미소장

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