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Most of the works written during the Manchukuo period by Haruko Ushijima, a leading writer of Manchukuo Japanese literature, have a male character as the protagonist or central character. The first novel she wrote with a female protagonist is "Woman"(1942). Consisting of three chapters, the novel takes place around the outbreak of the Pacific War as its temporal background, depicting the emotional changes of a pregnant woman who stillborn her child. The novel ends with a scene in which the woman is moved by the news of the fall of Hong Kong, which she heard on the radio one week after the stillbirth, and becomes aware of her role as a mother who gives birth to a child in order to carry out the "Greater East Asia War. This work also brings to the fore the author's own identity as a "subject" of Imperial Japan, which was waging an all-out war under the slogan "Give birth, and you shall multiply," and as the wife of a Manchukuo official and a "military mother".
The "Maternity Protection Controversy," which was centered on Akiko Yosano and Raicho Hirasuka during the Taisho period, occupies an important place in the study of Japanese women's history, and the arguments for maternity protection made by Hiratsuka in that debate determined the direction of the mainstream women's movement in Japan. As Japan entered the war system, "motherhood" became associated with the patriarchal ideology of good wives and wise mothers, and evolved into a celebration of motherhood and its use by the state, a trend that expanded nationwide in the 1930s as the need to mobilize women increased.
It is undeniable that Haruko Ushijima's "Woman" is a propaganda piece promoting the national policy of the "Greater East Asia War." However, it can be read as a text that expresses her consciousness as a woman, containing the "protection of motherhood" as a line of the Japanese women's movement and her constant search for the subject in order to write novels in Manchukuo.
満洲日本語文壇を代表する作家牛島春子が満洲国時代に書いた作品は、ほとんどが男性キャラクターが主人公または中心人物である。彼女が初めて女性を主人公として書いた小説が「女」(1942)である。全3章で構成され、太平洋戦争勃発前後を小説の時間的背景として、子供を死産した妊婦の心境の変化を描いている。そして最後は、死産一週間後にラジオで聞いた香港陥落のニュースに感激し、「大東亜戦争」の遂行のために子供を産む母親としての女性の役割を自覚する場面が描かれ、小説は終わる。本作は、「産めよ殖やせよ」のスローガンのもと総力戦を遂行していた帝国日本の「臣民」として、そして満洲国官吏の妻であり「軍国の母」として、作家自身のアイデンティティを前面に押し出した作品でもある。
大正期、与謝野晶子と平塚らいてうを中心に繰り広げられた「母性保護論争」は、日本女性史研究において重要な位置を占めており、その中でも平塚らいてうの母性保護主張は、日本の主流女性運動の方向性を決定づけた。母性は、日本が戦争体制に突入するにつれて、家父長制の良妻賢母思想と結びつき、母性賛美と国家による母性利用へと展開する。1930年代に入って国家が女性を動員する必要性が高まるにつれ、この傾向は全国的に拡大した。
牛島春子の「女」は、「大東亜戦争」の国策を宣伝するプロパガンダ作品であることは否定できない。しかしその中には、日本女性運動の一筋としての「母性保護」と、満洲国で小説を書くために絶えず模索してきた主体探求が込められた、女性としての自覚が発現したテキストとして読むことができるのではないだろうか。
번호 | 참고문헌 | 국회도서관 소장유무 |
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1 | 정진성(1999)「10장 현대일본의 모성 인식」, 심영희 외 공편 『모성의 담론과 현실: 어머니의 성・삶・정체성』나남출판, pp.245-264. | 미소장 |
2 | 조진기(1996)「한일사회주의 리얼리즘의 비교연구(Ⅱ): 1930년대 창작방법론을 중심으로」『어문학』제58호, 한국어문학회, pp.378-402. | 미소장 |
3 | 牛島春子(1938)「農村を描けー「王属官」を中心に」『満洲浪曼』第一輯、文祥堂、pp.253-255. | 미소장 |
4 | 牛島春子(1942)「女」、川端康成ほか編 『満洲国各民族創作選集第一巻』創元社、pp.3-22. | 미소장 |
5 | 牛島春子(2001)「自分を書く」『牛島春子作品集』ゆまに書房、p.306. | 미소장 |
6 | 小林登美枝・米田佐代子編(1987)『平塚らいてう評論集』文庫版、岩波文庫、pp.119-121. | 미소장 |
7 | 多田茂治(2009)『満洲・重い鎖: 牛島春子の昭和史』絃書房、pp.11-12、pp.119-122. | 미소장 |
8 | 賈戈輝(2022)「牛島春子「女」再論: 国策文学にカモフラージュされた語りの戦略」『跨境:日本語文学研究』14、高麗大学校日本研究センター、pp.125-142. | 미소장 |
9 | 単援朝(2014)「雑誌芸文の成立と変遷について―「文化総合雑誌」から「純芸文総合雑誌」へ」『跨境: 日本語文学研究』1、高麗大学校日本研究センター、pp.73-88. | 미소장 |
10 | 与謝野晶子(1918)「平塚さんと私の論争」『心頭雑草』天佑社、pp.195-212. | 미소장 |
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