본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기
국회도서관 홈으로 정보검색 소장정보 검색

초록보기

14세기 영국의 시인 초서는 자신의 캔터베리 이야기에서 아프리카 출신의 콘스탄티니누스(Constantinus Africanus)를 저주받을 수도승이라고 비난했다. 이 논문은 이러한 비난이 어떤 배경에서 이루어졌는지에 관한 의문에서 출발한다. 11세기 말 아프리카에서 이탈리아 남부로 이주한 그는 베네딕투스 수도승이 되었고, 이슬람 의서를 라틴어로 번역했다. 그가 번역한 여러 의서 중 [성교에 관하여 De Coitu]가 기독교 사회에 파문을 일으켰던 것이다. 11세기 이후 13세기까지 유럽은 의학뿐만 아니라 다양한 학문 분야의 아랍어 저서를 라틴어로 번역했다. 새로운 학문과 지식의 수용에는 저항이 있었다. 특히 성교에 관한 이슬람 의학 지식은 중세 기독교의 성 윤리와 극단적으로 배치되었다. 이 논문은 중세 기독교 성 윤리와 이슬람의 의학 지식이 어떤 측면에서 달랐고, 이러한 차이가 어떤 결과를 낳았는지를 분석하려고 한다.

기독교가 처음부터 성교를 포함한 성 문제를 억압적인 관점에서 다루지 않았지만, 중세 후반으로 갈수록 성에 대한 교회의 태도는 강경해져 갔다. 성교는 에덴동산에서의 추방에 따른 벌이었고, 그래서 즐거운 행위가 되어서는 결코 안 되었다. 합법적인 부부 사이에서만 가능했고, 그 목적도 즐거움이 아니라 재생산이어야 한다고 교회는 역설했다. 그런 이유로 교회는 이 수치스러운 행위를 가급적 피하라고 말하면서, 성교가 허용된 날을 명시하기도 했다. 반면 11-13세기 유럽에 번역 소개된 이슬람 의서들은 성교에 대한 긍정적인 지식을 제공했다. 성교는 즐거운 것이며, 여러 질병을 치료하는 수단으로 활용할 수 있다고 가르쳤다. 이처럼 성교를 바라보는 서로 다른 시각과 입장은 갈등을 촉발했고, 그런 연유로 번역 과정에서 일부 내용이 누락되기도 했다. 이 논문에서 밝히지는 못했지만, 새로운 지식의 유입은 중세 기독교 사회의 인식을 조금씩 변화시키는데 일정정도 기여했다.

In his The Cantebury Tales, the 14th century English poet Geoffrey Chaucer denounced Constantine the African as a damned monk. This article starts with the question of against what background this accusation was made. Moving from Africa to Southern Italy at the end of the 11th century, Constantine became a Benedictine monk and translated Arabic medical texts into Latin. Among the many medical books he translated, [De coitu] proved to be the most scandalous in Christian society. From the 11th century to the 13th century, Christian Europe translated Arabic writings in various fields of the sciences, including medicine, into Latin. There was resistance to the acceptance of new science and knowledge. In particular, Islamic medical knowledge about sexual intercourse was at odds with Medieval Christian sexual morals and ethics. This article attempts to analyze in what respect the Medieval Christian sexual ethics and Islamic medical knowledge differed, and what results these differences produced.

Even though from the beginning, Christianity had not dealt with sexual issues (including sexual intercourse) from an oppressive point of view, the church’s attitudes towards sexual intercourse came to be more and more oppressive. The church argued that sexual intercourse was a punishment following the expulsion from the Garden of Eden and, as such, was never to be a pleasurable act. It was permitted only for legally married couples and the church emphasized that its purpose should be reproduction, not pleasure. For that reason, the church declared that Christians should avoid this shameful act as much as possible, and even specified the days when sexual intercourse was permitted. On the other hand, Islamic medical texts translated and introduced to Europe in the 11th to 13th centuries provided positive knowledge about sexual intercourse. In these texts, it was taught that sexual intercourse was pleasurable and that it could be used as a cure for many ailments. These different perspectives and positions on sexual intercourse sparked conflict, and for that reason, some content was omitted in the process of translations. Although this article does not explain it in detail, the influx of new knowledge that was not omitted in translation contributed, to a certain extent, to gradually changing the perceptions of medical and sexual knowledge in Medieval Christian society.

참고문헌 (39건) : 자료제공( 네이버학술정보 )

참고문헌 목록에 대한 테이블로 번호, 참고문헌, 국회도서관 소장유무로 구성되어 있습니다.
번호 참고문헌 국회도서관 소장유무
1 Aristotle. Problems I-XXI , edited by W. S. Hett. London and Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1970. 미소장
2 Avicenna. The canon of medicine: vol.3: special pathologies , edited by Laleh Bakhtair. Chicago: Great Books of the Islamic World, 2014. 미소장
3 Constantinus Africanus. Liber de coitu: El tratado de andrologia de Constantino el Africano , edited and translated by Enrique Montero Cartelle. Monografias de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela 77. Santiago de Compostela: Universidad de Santiago, 1983. 미소장
4 Constantinus Africanus. Liber minor de coitu: Tratado menor de andrologia anonimo salernitano , edited by Enrique Montero Cartelle. Lingiifstica y Filologia 2. Valladolid: Universidad de Valladolid, 1987. 미소장
5 Hippocrates. Generation , edited by Paul Potter. Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press, 2012. 미소장
6 Soranus. Soranus’s gynecology , edited by Owsei Temkin. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University, 1956. 미소장
7 St. Augustine. City of God , XIV, 17, 19, 23, 24, 26, translated by Demetrius B. Zema and Gerald G. Walsh. Washington D.C:The Catholic University of America Press, 1950. 미소장
8 Allen, Peter L. The wages of sin: sex and disease, past and present . Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 2000. 미소장
9 Bassan, Maurice. “Chaucer’s ‘Cursed Monk’, Constantinus Africanus.”Mediaeval Studies 25(1962): 127-140. 미소장
10 Brozyna, Martha A. ed. Gender and sexuality in the Middle Ages: a medieval source documents reader . Jefferson and London:McFarland and company, 2005. 미소장
11 Brundage, James A. “Sex and canon law.” In Handbook of medieval sexuality , edited by Vern L. Bullough and James A. Brundage, 89-101. New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1996. 미소장
12 Brundage, James A. Law, sex, and Christian society in medieval Europe . Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1987. 미소장
13 Bullough, Vern L. and James A. Brundage eds. Sexual practices and the medieval church . New York: Prometheus Books, 1982. 미소장
14 Cadden, Joan. Meaning of sex difference in the Middle Ages: medicine, science, and culture . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. 미소장
15 Cadden, Joan. “Nothing natural is shameful: vestiges of a debate about sex and science in a group of late-medieval manuscripts.”Speculum 76 (2001): 66-89. 미소장
16 Castells, Riccardo. Fernando de Rojas and the Renaissance . Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000. 미소장
17 Delany, Paul. “Constantinus Africanus’ “De Coitu”: a translation.” The Chaucer Review 4-1 (Summer, 1969): 55-65. 미소장
18 Delany, Paul. “Constantinus Africanus and Chaucer’s Merchant’s Tale.” Philological Quarterly 46 (1967): 560-566. 미소장
19 Fitzgerald, Allan D. ed. Augustine through the Ages: An encyclopedia . Cambridge: William B. Eerdmans Publishing company, 1999. 미소장
20 Flandrin, Jean-Louis. Un temps pour embrasser: aux origins de la morale sexuelle occidentale (Vie – Xie siècle) . Paris: Edition du Seuil, 1983. 미소장
21 Freedman, Paul. Out of the East . New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008. 미소장
22 Green, Monica H. “Constantinus Africanus and the conflict between religion and science.” In The human embryo: Aristotle and the Arabic and European traditions , edited by G. R. Dunstan, 47-69. Exter: Exter University Press, 1990. 미소장
23 Green, Monica H. “Constantine the African.” Medieval science, technology, and medicine: an encyclopedia , 145-147. New York and London: Routledge, 2005. 미소장
24 Haskins, Charles Homer. The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century . Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press, 1927. 미소장
25 Jacquart, Danielle. “Medicine and Theology.” In Crossing Boundaries at Medieval Universities , edited by Spencer Young, 213-226.Leiden: Brill, 2010. 미소장
26 Jacquart, Danielle. “Moses, Galen and Jacques Despars: religious orthodoxy as a path to unorthodox medical views.” In Religion and medicine in the Middle Ages , edited by Peter Biller and Joseph Ziegler, 33-46. Suffolk: Boydell & Brewer, 2001. 미소장
27 Kaye, Joel. A history of balance, 1250-1375: the emergence of a new model equilibrium and its impact on thought . Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2014. 미소장
28 Lowes, John Livingston. “The loveres maladye of Hereos.” Modern philology 11 (1914): 491-546. 미소장
29 Meens, Rob. “The penitential of Finnian and the textual witness of the Paenitentiale Vindobonense “B”.” Mediaeval Studies 55 (1993):243-255. 미소장
30 Newton, Francis. “Constantine the African and Monte Cassino: new elements and the text of the Isagoge.” In Constantine the African and ‘Ali Ibn Al – Abbas al – magusi: the Pantegni and related texts , edited by Charles Burnett and Danielle Jacquart. Leiden, New York and Koln: Brill, 1994. 미소장
31 Noonan, John T. Contraception: a history of its treatment by the catholic theologians and canonists . Cambridge and London:Harvard University Press, 1986. 미소장
32 Nutton, Vivian. “God, Galen and the Depaganization of ancient medicine.” In Religion and medicine , edited by Peter Biller and Joseph Ziegler. York: York Medieval Press, 2001. 미소장
33 Obach, Robert. The catholic church on marital intercourse from St. Paul to pope John Paul II. Lanham, Boulder, New York, Toronto, Plymouth: Lexington Books, 2009. 미소장
34 Payer, Pierre J. Sex and the penitentials: the development of a sexual code 550-1150 . Toronto, Buffalo and London: University of Toronto Press, 1984. 미소장
35 Payer, Pierre J. “Confession and the study of sex in the Middle Ages.”In Handbook of medieval sexuality , edited by Vern L. Bullough and James A. Brundage. New York and London:Garland Publishing, 1996. 미소장
36 Piche, David. Condamnation Parisienne de 1277 . Paris: Vrin, 1999. 미소장
37 Smith, A. J. The metaphysics of love: studies in Renaissance love poetry from Dante to Milton . New York, New Rochelle, Melbourne, Sydney: Cambridge University Press, 1985. 미소장
38 Wack, Mary France. Lovesickness in the Middle Ages: the Viaticum and its commentaries . Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990. 미소장
39 Wallis, Faith ed. Medieval medicine: a reader . Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010. 미소장