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Spores present in milk survive heat treatments and can persist during downstream processing. In Korea, the development of the dairy industry is also growing. However, studies related to the distribution and diversity of spore-forming bacteria for the quality control of raw milk and dairy products are insufficient. This study aimed to evaluate the contamination levels of spore-forming species in raw milk derived from five dairy farm environments in Korea. The isolated strains were also identified using 16S rRNA sequencing and characterized based on the environmental factors in farms, which affect raw milk production. Representative spore-forming bacteria communities in the samples include Bacillaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Paenibacillaceae, and Caryophanaceae at the family level, and Bacillus, Clostridium, and Paenibacillus were the most diverse and predominant at the genus level. A total of 1,102 isolates of 16 genera could be assigned to the genus Bacillus (67.3% and 742 isolates), Clostridium (12.3% and 135 isolates), Paenibacillus (9.3% and 102 isolates), and Oceanobacillus (5.9% and 65 isolates). Among 173 species, the prominent members were Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus kochii, Bacillus clausii, and Clostridium sporogenes. Twenty-seven spore-forming species (Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus sonorensis, Bacillus sporothermodurans, Clostridium sporogenes, Clostridium tyrobutyricum, and Paenibacillus validus) detected in raw milk were the same species found in the dairy farm environments. Our result clearly shows that specific provinces have distinct proportions of spore formers that may cause spoilage of raw milk and milk products, such as cheese and yogurt. The biodiversity of spore-forming bacteria in the dairy farms were greatly influenced by several factors such as dairy farm conditions and milking environments. Recommending proper management of hygienic and production practices, including strengthening laws and implementing Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) principles, would be effective in eradicating contamination during the production of raw milk.

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기사명 저자명 페이지 원문 목차
Nutritional strategies to alleviate heat stress in broiler chickens and laying hens : role of functional nutrients Yeong Bin Kim, Gyu Lim Yeom, Ju Yeong Park, Ha Neul Lee, Geun Yong Park, Ji Won Shin, Seung Yun Lee, Jong Hyuk Kim p. 949-981
Diversity of MHC-B SNP haplotypes in the Vietnamese Ri chicken Seonju Nam, Prabuddha Manjula, Jaewon Kim, Minjun Kim, Eunjin Cho, Trisha Nicole Agulto, Yeong Ho Hong, Jun Heon Lee p. 982-988
Effects of MTAP and PMEL gene polymorphisms on plumage color variation in chickens Jean Pierre Munyaneza, Minjun Kim, Eunjin Cho, Daehyeok Jin, Jihye Cha, Jun Heon Lee p. 989-1001
Effects of paraformic acid supplementation, as an antibiotic replacement, on growth performance, intestinal morphology and gut microbiota of nursery pigs Yuyi Zhong, Bin Zuo, Jiaqi Li, Yafeng Zhai, Richard Mudarra p. 1002-1017
Treatment of dual-flow continuous culture fermenters with an organic essential oil product minimally influenced prokaryotic microbiome Tansol Park, Grace Praisler, Benjamin A. Wenner p. 1018-1032
Supplemental illite or in combination with probiotics improves performance and intestinal health in broiler chickens challenged with Salmonella typhimurium Hyuck Kim, Jihwan Lee, Seonwoong Kim, Binn Kim, Seyeon Chang, Dongcheol Song, Sehyun Park, Kyeongho Jeon, Jinho Cho p. 1033-1049
Dietary coated copper and zinc improved growth performance by modulating immune responses and fecal microbiota of weaned pigs Jinuk Nam, Jin Ho Cho, Hyeun Bum Kim, Jinmu Ahn, Yonggu Kang, Sheena Kim, Jin Tae Kim, Sung Woo Jung, Minho Song, Hyunjin Kyoung p. 1050-1066
Estimation of the standardized ileal digestible calcium and phosphorus requirements of broiler chickens from 10 to 21 days of age Chae Won Lee, Changsu Kong p. 1067-1078
Surface displayed porcine epidemic diarrhea virus membrane epitopes on Lactiplantibacillus plantarum stimulates antibody production in mice Jong Pyo Chae, Robie Vasquez, Ji Hoon Song, Edward A. Pajarillo, In-Chan Hwang, Dae-Kyung Kang p. 1079-1095
(The) role of extracellular vesicles in murine asthma model : insights into IgE-independent mast cell activation within animal science Hyun-Woo Kim, Ji-Su Kim, Yejun Seo, Young Rak Kim, Changdong Kim, Jin-Hyeon Hwang, Seong-Kyoung Kim, Jun-Gu Kang, Jeong-Yoon Lee, Kyung-Tae Lee, Jae-Seok Jeong, Moon-Chang Baek, Young-Eun Cho, Do-Kyun Kim p. 1096-1110
Biodiversity and identification of spore-forming bacteria in raw milk from Korean dairy farm environment using the culturomics approach Won Seo Park, Ja Yeon Yoo, Daye Mun, Hyun Woo Choi, Sangnam Oh, Jun-Sang Ham, Younghoon Kim p. 1111-1125
Animal welfare indicators and stress response of broiler chickens raised at low and high stocking density Chan Ho Kim, Ki Hyun Kim, Ju Lan Chun, Sejin Lim, Jung Hwan Jeon p. 1126-1138
Effects of space allowance during gestation and socialization training during growing period on the productivity and welfare of primiparous sows Yejin Min, Hyunjin Kyoung, Yohan Choi, Doowan Kim, Yongdae Jeong, Yongmin Kim, Soojin Sa, Hyunju Park, Chaehyun Kim, Junseon Hong, Junghwan Jeon, Joeun Kim, Minho Song p. 1139-1151
Nutritional assessment of pork versus chicken as primary protein sources in canine diets Sang-Yeob Lee, Kangmin Seo, In-Seon Bae, Hyun-Woo Cho, Min Young Lee, Kyoung Min So, Ju Lan Chun, Ki Hyun Kim p. 1152-1164
Age-related changes in growth and fecal parameters, nutrient digestibility, hematology, and serum biochemistry of Beagle dogs Yonggu Kang, Younghoon Kim, Jin Ho Cho, Hyeun Bum Kim, Jinmu Ahn, Min Kyu Kim, Minho Song, Hyunjin Kyoung p. 1165-1180
Complete genome of bla[CTX-M]-65" carrying Salmonella Infantis strain Z1323CSL0015 isolated from broiler chicken Jae Young Oh, Jae Hong Jeong, Su Min Kwak, Jong-Chan Chae p. 1181-1184

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