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Background: Developing antiviral agents against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)has been a global goal since the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic emerged in 2019. Korean RedGinseng (KRG), recognized for its immunomodulating and antiviral properties, may be effective against SARSCoV-2. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the efficiency of KRG in a human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(hACE2)-expressing mouse model infected with pseudo-typed SARS-CoV-2 (PSV).

Methods: The lung injury score was assessed using H&E staining, and the immune cell population shift in the lungand spleen was observed through flow cytometry. Serum IgM and IgG concentrations were quantified usingenzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). Pro-inflammatory cytokine levels were measured by cytometric bead assay(CBA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Additionally, the expression of NLR family pyrin domain containing3 (NLRP3) and inflammation-related transcription factors was detected by immunoblotting. RNA-sequencing andantibody array assays reconfirmed gene expression in inflammation and oxidation.

Results: KRG extract was most effective in treating lung injuries and serum IgM and IgG levels. Also, immunecells, including neutrophils, were regulated in the lungs, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) levels werereduced. NLRP3 and phosphorylated nuclear factor-κB (NF-kB) and activator protein 1 (AP-1) were downregulated.

Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression was increased, indicating that KRG extract has antioxidantproperties. RNA-sequencing and antibody array assays revealed that KRG extract regulates the expression ofgenes associated with inflammation and oxidative damage.

Conclusions: This study demonstrates that KRG extract may suppress PSV-induced inflammation and oxidativestress, making it a viable antiviral functional food.

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기사명 저자명 페이지 원문 목차
Antiviral potential of ginseng : targeting human pathogenic viruses with compounds derived from ginseng Chen Huo, Jihye Baek, Ki Hyun Kim p. 105-117
(A) narrative review of Panax notoginseng : unique saponins and their pharmacological activities Wenbiao Li, Hailian Shi, Xiaojun Wu p. 118-133
Total saponins from Panax Japonicus regulate the ferritin heavy chain to reduce inflammation in aging adipose tissue by mediating iron metabolism Leiqi Zhu, Jihong Zhang, Yaqi Hu, Yifan Zhang, Shuwen Wang, Rui Wang, Qi Yuan, Yiyang Luo, Ding Yuan, Yumin He, Chengfu Yuan p. 134-144
Synergistic effects of ginsenoside Rb1 and peroxiredoxin 6 in enhancing myocardial injury treatment through anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-apoptotic mechanisms Runhong Mu, Yupeng Li, Yunhe Cui, Chuanbo Feng, Tingyu Li, Tengda Liu, Mingzhu Chang, Xiao Guo, Xingcheng Yi p. 145-155
Rare ginsenosides transformed from stems and leaves of Panax ginseng reverse obesity by promoting browning of white fat through PKA/CREB pathway via REGγ negative regulation Jianbo Chen, Jiyue Sha, Xiaohui Huo, Zhiman Li, Di Qu, Xueqing Li, Meijia Li p. 156-165
Korean red ginseng relieves the inflammation and oxidative stress induced by pseudo-typed SARS-CoV-2 Hyeon Jin Kim, Yena Oh, Sohee Moon, Jieun Oh, Ji Hye Kim, Seung Ho Lee, Sun Hee Hyun, Ji Hye Park, Hun-kun Ko, Jaehyeon Hwang, Han Gyung Kim, Dae-Hyuk Kweon, Jae Youl Cho p. 166-178
Ginsenoside Rg1 exerts antidepressant effect by regulating hepatic kynurenine metabolism through promoting the interaction between HNF4α and PGC1α Keke Jia, Shuman Pan, Wenyuan Wu, Yiming Sun, Qingyu Zhang p. 179-188
Korean red ginseng-induced astrocytic HIF-1α : a key regulator of neuroglobin derived from neural stem cell differentiation in physiologic retina and brain Sunhong Moon, Jinseo Park, Sueun Kim, Minsu Kim, Hui Su Jeon, Hyungsu Kim, Young-Myeong Kim, Ji-Yoon Kim, Yoon Kyung Choi p. 189-196
Panax ginseng exerts cardioprotective effect post myocardial infarction by attenuating myocardial fibrosis and inflammation through SIRT1 signaling pathways Honglin Xu, Mingjie Pang, Changlei Hu, Tong Xu, Guanghong Chen, Guoyong Zhang, Xin Han, Yue Hua, Yuting Wu, Jiayi Zhang, Yiming Bi, Bin Liu, Yingchun Zhou p. 197-207
(The) molecular mechanism of ginsenoside Rh2 and its octyl ester derivative on antiangiogenesis in cancer treatment : the battle between PI3K and ROS Qi-Rui Hu, Xin-Yi Zhong, Hua Feng, Xu-Chu Li, Zhi-Hong Zhang, Yao Pan, Ting Luo, Ze-Yuan Deng, Fang Chen p. 208-222

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