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Background: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a deadly stroke with high mortality or disability. Although recentresearch has demonstrated the efficacy of Panax notoginseng in ICH therapy, it is unclear which proteins may betargeted to achieve these advantages.

Methods: First, we generated polyclonal antibodies against notoginsenosides by immunizing rats with a ginsenosideRh1-mcKLH conjugate. Second, the potential target proteins of notoginsenosides in brain tissue of ICHmice were identified using LC-MS-based hapten immunoaffinity fishing (HIAF). Third, the disease target databasesand these proteins intersected. Fourth, biolayer interferometry (BLI), molecular docking, and site-directedmutagenesis were performed to validate allograft inflammatory factor 1 (AIF1) as a protein target of notoginsenosides.

Last, bioinformatics analysis was performed to examine AIF1’s biological characteristics.

Results: A potential protein target of notoginsenosides, AIF1, was found by intersecting the identified proteintargets with the disease target databases via LC-MS-based HIAF. BLI analysis revealed that Compound K (CK) andAIF1 had the highest direct interaction, with an average shift value of 0.1091 nm. Subsequently, site-directedmutagenesis, molecular docking, and BLI kinetic analysis demonstrated that CK specifically bound to AIF1with an affinity value of 4.33 ± 0.17E-6 M, with a significant reliance on residues L122 and E125. Bioinformaticsanalysis showed that AIF1 and its directly interacting proteins were associated with microglial activation.

Conclusion: Our study proposed a new technology for screening natural small molecule protein targets, andsuccessfully identified AIF1 as a protein target of notoginsenosides, providing a chemical and biological basis forfurther research into targeting AIF1 to treat ICH.

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기사명 저자명 페이지 원문 목차
Can Panax ginseng help protect the body from the harmful effects of airborne particulate matter? Tae Woo Kwon, Yujeong Ha, Hyo-Sung Jo, Won Myoung Lee, Seung-Yeol Nah, Hyun Jeong Yang, Ik-Hyun Cho p. 331-341
Current clinical trends in developing strategies for dementia disorders and the role of Korean red ginseng Manho Kim p. 342-347
Panax ginseng : a modulator of amyloid, tau pathology, and cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease Jaeuk Hwang, Musung Keum, Young Min Choe, Guk-Hee Suh, Hye Ji Choi, Boung Chul Lee, Shin Gyeom Kim, Hyun Soo Kim, Dahyun Yi, Jee Wook Kim p. 348-355
Comprehensive understanding and underlying molecular mechanisms of the adaptogenic effects of Panax ginseng Natasha Christabella Sutopo, Nurinanda Prisky Qomaladewi, Hye Won Lee, Myeong Soo Lee, Ji Hye Kim, Jae Youl Cho p. 356-365
Therapeutic potential of ginsenosides in circadian rhythm-based skin disorders Heejun Ha, Heeseon Shin, Sukhyun Min, Natasha Christabella Sutopo, Khamit Yerkesh, Eunsun Jung, Minkyung Song, Jae Youl Cho, Jongsung Lee p. 366-375
(The) role of ginseng in aging : insights into regulatory T cells activation and mitochondrial regulation Hamid Iqbal, Dong-Kwon Rhee p. 376-388
(The) clearing-up of misunderstanding on body temperature changes and heat responses after Panax ginseng or Panax quinquefolium intake YiSi Yang, DeYu Tian, Kyoung-Jin Jang, Myeong Soo Lee, Hye Won Lee, Seung-Jin Lee, Wook-Joon Yu, Changbao Chen, Ling Li, Jong Dae Park, YoungJoo Lee p. 389-394
Ginsenoside Re promotes osteogenic differentiation via BMP2/p38 pathway in vivo and in vitro Yunjia Wang, Gengming Zhang, Linhua Deng, Hongqi Zhang, Emmanuel Alonge, Zhongjing Jiang p. 395-405
Ginsenoside Rb2 demonstrates potent antiviral activity against Zika virus infection Tong Wu, Ting Wang, Hanlin Chen, Zhongyuan Tan, Yuanjiu Miao, Ning Chen, Zhenhua Zheng p. 406-414
Ginsenoside Rh2 alleviates inflammatory response and enhances motor function recovery in spinal cord injury mice via the ROS/MAPK14 signaling pathway Yanlan Wu, Fangming Song, Xiuwei Tan, Jin Huang, Junliang Lu, Baihui Yang, Fang Fang, Xiaoxia Ye, Laoyi Geer, Fengxin Li, Qian Wei, Xuefeng Lu, Jiake Xu, Jie Jiang, Yiji Su p. 415-425
Ginsenoside Rg5 modulates the TLR4 and BCL-2 pathways by inhibiting NOX1, thereby alleviating inflammation, apoptosis and pyroptosis in hyperuricemia nephropathy Yu-Xin Zhang, Hui Wan, Guan-Yue Shan, Jun-Ya Cheng, Zhi-Cheng Gao, Yi-Ying Liu, Wen-Na Shi, Zi-Jun Sun, Hai-Jun Li p. 426-437
Compound K-enriched Korean red ginseng prevents lung cancer progression by targeting cancer cells and fibroblasts Jung Ho Hwang, Se Yong Park, Ju-Hee Kang, Hyun Jin Jung, Jiwon Park, Han-Joo Maeng, Min-Koo Choi, Ha Suk Song, Im-Sook Song, Seung Hyun Oh p. 438-450
Identification of AIF1 as a protein target of notoginsenosides in brain tissue of mice with intracerebral hemorrhage based on hapten immunoaffinity fishing technique Feiyan Chen, Wei Qin, Qianlin Li, Chu Li, Cuihua Chen, Lin Chen, Qi Yao, Zhu Zhu, Yunan Zhao p. 451-459
Ginsenoside Rg5 inhibits platelet aggregation by regulating GPVI signaling pathways and ferric chloride-induced thrombosis Abdul Wahab Akram, Jung-Hae Shin, Uyanga Batmunkh, Evelyn Saba, Yong-Myung Kang, Sunjun Jung, Jee Eun Han, Sung Dae Kim, Dongmi Kwak, Hyuk-woo Kwon, Man Hee Rhee p. 460-469
(The) effects of G1899 Korean red ginseng extract powder on long COVID for acute COVID19 infection : a randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial In-Ho Seo, Byoungjin Park, Heejung Kim, Seok-Jae Heo, Dong-Hyuk Jung p. 470-477

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