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Background: Alcohol-induced liver injury contributes to various liver diseases, with dietary interventions ofginsenosides being a promising solution. Ginsenosides, the major active compounds of Panax ginseng Meyer, aredivided into protopanaxadiol (PPD) and protopanaxatriol (PPT) based on C-3 or C-6 glycosylation, which haveanti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, but structure-activity relationships remain unclear.

Methods: Using C57BL/C mice with alcohol-induced liver injury, we evaluated Rg5 and F4 effects on liverfunction, inflammation, lipid deposition, apoptosis, alcohol metabolism, and lipid synthesis.

Results: Rg5 (60 mg/kg) demonstrated significantly superior efficacy to F4 in alleviating alcohol-induced liverinjury, reducing lipid deposition through 33.9 % and 25.8 % decreases in serum triglyceride (TG) and totalcholesterol (TC) levels versus the F4 group. Additionally, Rg5 attenuated hepatic apoptosis by reducing BAX andcleaved-CASPASE-3 protein expression by 26.3 % and 28.4 % compared to F4. Rg5 enhanced alcohol metabolismthrough activation of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), thereby restoringAMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation by 26.1 % while reducing sterol regulatory elementbindingprotein 1 (SREBP-1) expression by 27.8 % (compared to F4), with efficacy approaching that of positivecontrol silymarin. Molecular docking revealed that the C-6 sugar moiety of F4 induced hydrogen bond donorrepulsion, increasing hydrogen bond length and weakening binding stability with ADH, ALDH and AMPK,providing a structural basis for Rg5’s superior hepatoprotective activity.

Conclusion: These findings highlight the critical influence of glycosylation position on hepatoprotective activityof ginsenosides, and provide insights into the structural modification of ginsenosides, which could contribute tothe treatment of alcohol-related liver disease.

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기사명 저자명 페이지 원문 목차
(A) comprehensive review of the effects of Panax ginseng and its constituents against inflammatory diseases Hyeon Jin Kim, Jae Youl Cho, Mi-Yeon Kim p. 605-612
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacological activities of protopanaxatriol Yeye Hu, Jae Youl Cho, Mi-Yeon Kim p. 613-621
Pyroptosis : a pharmacological target of ginseng and its phytochemical components for human inflammatory diseases Young-Su Yi p. 622-630
Exploring the potential of ginseng-derived compounds in treating cancer cachexia Phuong Thi Ho, Ika Agus Rini, Phuong Thi Hoang, Taek Kyun Lee, Sukchan Lee p. 631-639
Protective effects of ginsenosides in cerebral small vessel disease : cellular and molecular mechanisms Zhiyong Zhai, Yan Gao p. 640-651
(20S)-protopanaxatriol attenuates Ang Ⅱ-induced renal injury via PTPN1-mediated AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway Risheng Zhao, Zhuoqun Wang, Chang Liu, Linxin Zhang, Min Zhang, Huizhu Du, Gege Yang, Haiming Sun, Wei Liu, Shuang Yan, Mengyang Wang p. 652-662
Protopanaxadiol induces apoptosis through JNK signaling pathway and targeting MLK3 in human melanoma Ziliang He, Jae Youl Cho, Daewon Kim p. 663-670
Korean red ginseng mitigates pulmonary injury and enhances antiviral immunity in a low-dose pseudo-type SARS-CoV-2 infection model Ga Rin Gu, Hyeon Jin Kim, Won Young Jang, Hyun Kyung Lim, Ji Yeon Hwang, Yena Oh, Jieun Oh, Soo-Hyun Youn, Sun Hee Hyun, Ji Hye Park ... [et al.] p. 671-682
Ginsenoside Rb1 attenuates age-associated cognitive impairment by modulating oxidative stress and the SIRT1/eNOS/NO axis Bin Zhou, Lin Wu, Dinghui Liu, Xiaoying Xie, Ximei Zhang, Yong Liu, Baoshun Hao, Guangyao Shi, Shujie Yu, Zhenda Zheng, Liangying Lin, Min Wang, Xiaoxian Qian p. 683-691
Total saponins of Panax japonicus alleviate adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats by regulating macrophage polarization and intestinal microbiota Kang Zhou, Huanghe Yu, Huihong Duan, Yupei Yang, Wenbing Sheng, Yixing Qiu, Wei Wang, Bin Li p. 692-701
Ginsenoside Rc mitigates hippocampal neuronal damage and cognitive impairment in vascular dementia rats via the pY705-Stat3/Foxo3a and pS727-Stat3/GRIM-19 pathways Yuying Wu, Zhizhen Zhang, Xiaoyuan Lian p. 702-713
Comparison of different ginsenosides with C-3 or C-6 sugar moieties on activities in alcohol-induced liver injury mice Weimin Wang, Kaixuan Zhou, Zengshuai Fu, Yucheng Huang, Jianjun Deng, Daidi Fan, Haixia Yang p. 714-724
Effects of white ginseng on reducing stress and tension by enhancing default mode network connectivity : a randomized, double-blinded placebo-controlled clinical trial Youngeun Shim, Young-Seob Lee, Yejin Kim, Seung Eun Lee, Chaewon Suh, Eunji Ha, Yoonji Joo, Hyeonji Lee, Suji Lee, Woo Cheol Shin, Sujung Yoon, In Kyoon Lyoo, Dae Young Lee p. 725-733
Panax ginseng alleviates diabetic peripheral neuropathy by suppressing mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress via modulation of the RAGE, NF-κB, and Nrf2 pathways Pengcheng Liu, Teng Yang, Jie Zhang, Bang Su, Qidong Shi, Yao Song, Xin Yu p. 734-745
Korean red ginseng extract suppresses food allergy by remodeling the gut microbiota and restoring immune homeostasis in IL4ra[F]709 mice Suyoung Choi, Thi Thuy Duong Pham, Tae-Keun Jeong, Ju-Gyeong Kang, Sang-Woo Lee, Bu Yeon Heo, Jung-Hyun Park, Jeong Suk Koh, Myung-Won Lee, Dae-Sik Lim, Ik-Chan Song, Jaeyul Kwon p. 746-757
Li-ginseng powder protects against alcohol-induced liver injury by promoting acetaldehyde clearance and cellular homeostasis Ya-Ni Wang, De-Yu Wang, Yu-Hui Li, Cheng-Yan He, Xu-Ming Li, Yang Li, Ying-Hua Jin p. 758-766
Exploring the Panax ginseng Meyer soil metagenome to uncover antagonistic bacteria against ginseng root rot disease Jeong A Han, Jaeyeon Lee, Hee Jung An, Eun Seob Yi, Yeongjun Kim, Bon-Kyoung Koo, Heetak Lee, Eun Yu Kim, Ho-Seok Lee p. 767-775
Immunomodulatory effects of the combination of Korean red ginseng and Cervi Parvum Cornu via the MAPK pathway BaiCheng Chen, Ajay Vijayakumar, Jun Hong Park, Chang Won Kang, Jong-Hoon Kim p. 776-780

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