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Background: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) represents a prevalent complication associated with diabetesmellitus, characterized by progressive nerve degeneration that leads to chronic pain and sensory dysfunction.

Existing treatment options are inadequate in addressing the multifaceted underlying mechanisms of DPN,underscoring the necessity for the development of novel multitarget therapeutic strategies.

Methods: A systematic evaluation explored Panax ginseng’s (GS) therapeutic efficacy using a multidisciplinaryapproach, administering the extract to diabetic rats for nerve assessments and conducting in vitro tests onSchwann cells and ND7/23 neuron cells under high glucose. Network pharmacology and molecular dockingidentified key targets and pathways, validated through experiments on mitochondrial function, oxidative stress,inflammation, and apoptosis.

Results: Administration of GS significantly improved motor nerve conduction velocity, increased pain thresholds,and restored myelination in DPN rats. In vitro, GS enhanced RSC96 and ND7/23 cell viability and migration.

Network pharmacology indicated GS modulates RAGE/NF-κB and Nrf2/PPARγ pathways, reducing oxidativestress, enhancing mitochondrial function, and lowering inflammatory cytokines. It also normalizes the Bcl2/Baxratio to mitigate apoptosis.

Conclusion: The findings of this study illustrate that GS mitigates DPN through a synergistic modulation ofmitochondrial function, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis pathways, with particularly significanteffects on maintaining Schwann cell and Neuron cell functionality. Our results provide mechanistic insightsthat advocate for the repurposing of whole GS extract as a multitarget therapeutic agent for managing diabeticcomplications.

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기사명 저자명 페이지 원문 목차
(A) comprehensive review of the effects of Panax ginseng and its constituents against inflammatory diseases Hyeon Jin Kim, Jae Youl Cho, Mi-Yeon Kim p. 605-612
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacological activities of protopanaxatriol Yeye Hu, Jae Youl Cho, Mi-Yeon Kim p. 613-621
Pyroptosis : a pharmacological target of ginseng and its phytochemical components for human inflammatory diseases Young-Su Yi p. 622-630
Exploring the potential of ginseng-derived compounds in treating cancer cachexia Phuong Thi Ho, Ika Agus Rini, Phuong Thi Hoang, Taek Kyun Lee, Sukchan Lee p. 631-639
Protective effects of ginsenosides in cerebral small vessel disease : cellular and molecular mechanisms Zhiyong Zhai, Yan Gao p. 640-651
(20S)-protopanaxatriol attenuates Ang Ⅱ-induced renal injury via PTPN1-mediated AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway Risheng Zhao, Zhuoqun Wang, Chang Liu, Linxin Zhang, Min Zhang, Huizhu Du, Gege Yang, Haiming Sun, Wei Liu, Shuang Yan, Mengyang Wang p. 652-662
Protopanaxadiol induces apoptosis through JNK signaling pathway and targeting MLK3 in human melanoma Ziliang He, Jae Youl Cho, Daewon Kim p. 663-670
Korean red ginseng mitigates pulmonary injury and enhances antiviral immunity in a low-dose pseudo-type SARS-CoV-2 infection model Ga Rin Gu, Hyeon Jin Kim, Won Young Jang, Hyun Kyung Lim, Ji Yeon Hwang, Yena Oh, Jieun Oh, Soo-Hyun Youn, Sun Hee Hyun, Ji Hye Park ... [et al.] p. 671-682
Ginsenoside Rb1 attenuates age-associated cognitive impairment by modulating oxidative stress and the SIRT1/eNOS/NO axis Bin Zhou, Lin Wu, Dinghui Liu, Xiaoying Xie, Ximei Zhang, Yong Liu, Baoshun Hao, Guangyao Shi, Shujie Yu, Zhenda Zheng, Liangying Lin, Min Wang, Xiaoxian Qian p. 683-691
Total saponins of Panax japonicus alleviate adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats by regulating macrophage polarization and intestinal microbiota Kang Zhou, Huanghe Yu, Huihong Duan, Yupei Yang, Wenbing Sheng, Yixing Qiu, Wei Wang, Bin Li p. 692-701
Ginsenoside Rc mitigates hippocampal neuronal damage and cognitive impairment in vascular dementia rats via the pY705-Stat3/Foxo3a and pS727-Stat3/GRIM-19 pathways Yuying Wu, Zhizhen Zhang, Xiaoyuan Lian p. 702-713
Comparison of different ginsenosides with C-3 or C-6 sugar moieties on activities in alcohol-induced liver injury mice Weimin Wang, Kaixuan Zhou, Zengshuai Fu, Yucheng Huang, Jianjun Deng, Daidi Fan, Haixia Yang p. 714-724
Effects of white ginseng on reducing stress and tension by enhancing default mode network connectivity : a randomized, double-blinded placebo-controlled clinical trial Youngeun Shim, Young-Seob Lee, Yejin Kim, Seung Eun Lee, Chaewon Suh, Eunji Ha, Yoonji Joo, Hyeonji Lee, Suji Lee, Woo Cheol Shin, Sujung Yoon, In Kyoon Lyoo, Dae Young Lee p. 725-733
Panax ginseng alleviates diabetic peripheral neuropathy by suppressing mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress via modulation of the RAGE, NF-κB, and Nrf2 pathways Pengcheng Liu, Teng Yang, Jie Zhang, Bang Su, Qidong Shi, Yao Song, Xin Yu p. 734-745
Korean red ginseng extract suppresses food allergy by remodeling the gut microbiota and restoring immune homeostasis in IL4ra[F]709 mice Suyoung Choi, Thi Thuy Duong Pham, Tae-Keun Jeong, Ju-Gyeong Kang, Sang-Woo Lee, Bu Yeon Heo, Jung-Hyun Park, Jeong Suk Koh, Myung-Won Lee, Dae-Sik Lim, Ik-Chan Song, Jaeyul Kwon p. 746-757
Li-ginseng powder protects against alcohol-induced liver injury by promoting acetaldehyde clearance and cellular homeostasis Ya-Ni Wang, De-Yu Wang, Yu-Hui Li, Cheng-Yan He, Xu-Ming Li, Yang Li, Ying-Hua Jin p. 758-766
Exploring the Panax ginseng Meyer soil metagenome to uncover antagonistic bacteria against ginseng root rot disease Jeong A Han, Jaeyeon Lee, Hee Jung An, Eun Seob Yi, Yeongjun Kim, Bon-Kyoung Koo, Heetak Lee, Eun Yu Kim, Ho-Seok Lee p. 767-775
Immunomodulatory effects of the combination of Korean red ginseng and Cervi Parvum Cornu via the MAPK pathway BaiCheng Chen, Ajay Vijayakumar, Jun Hong Park, Chang Won Kang, Jong-Hoon Kim p. 776-780

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