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We investigate strategies to enhance the power-conversion efficiency of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) thinfilm solar cells through optoelectrical simulations. Our analysis of the constant-gallium-composition ratio (GGI) reveals that increasing the GGI value reduces light absorption, leading to a decrease in shortcircuit current density (JSC), while open-circuit voltage (VOC) increases due to a higher quasi-Fermi-level splitting. To address this trade-off, we introduce a diffraction-grating rear passivation structure, which improves JSC and VOC by increasing optical reflectivity and suppressing carrier recombination losses at the back contact of CIGS with GGI of 0.15. Furthermore, we optimize the GGI gradient to improve solar-cell performance. Incorporating a rear GGI gradient strengthens the electric field at the rear CIGS, improving charge-carrier transport and reducing recombination losses, thereby increasing efficiency to 20.3%. Additional optimization of the front GGI gradient reduces the energy barrier at the CIGS/CdS interface, achieving a maximum efficiency of 23.2%. These findings underscore the critical role of GGI engineering and passivation layers in advancing high-efficiency CIGS thin-film solar cells.

We investigate strategies to enhance the power-conversion efficiency of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) thinfilm solar cells through optoelectrical simulations. Our analysis of the constant-gallium-composition ratio (GGI) reveals that increasing the GGI value reduces light absorption, leading to a decrease in shortcircuit current density (JSC), while open-circuit voltage (VOC) increases due to a higher quasi-Fermi-level splitting. To address this trade-off, we introduce a diffraction-grating rear passivation structure, which improves JSC and VOC by increasing optical reflectivity and suppressing carrier recombination losses at the back contact of CIGS with GGI of 0.15. Furthermore, we optimize the GGI gradient to improve solar-cell performance. Incorporating a rear GGI gradient strengthens the electric field at the rear CIGS, improving charge-carrier transport and reducing recombination losses, thereby increasing efficiency to 20.3%. Additional optimization of the front GGI gradient reduces the energy barrier at the CIGS/CdS interface, achieving a maximum efficiency of 23.2%. These findings underscore the critical role of GGI engineering and passivation layers in advancing high-efficiency CIGS thin-film solar cells.

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Progress on ultra-relativistic electron acceleration from laser wakefield acceleration Mohammad Mirzaie, Hyung Taek Kim, Chulmin Kim, Kyung Taec Kim p. 581-597
Impact of atmospheric layer height variations on the performance of laser tomography adaptive optics Seok Gi Han, Ji Yong Joo, Ha Neul Yeon, Jun Ho Lee, Young Soo Kim, Yongsuk Jung, Hyeon Seung Ha, Eui Seung Son p. 598-607
Field-wise image plane tilt estimation using zernike defocus terms Mee Suk Jung, Ji Hye Song, Tae Yong Park p. 608-613
NETD performance analysis of an infrared camera with an improved background-to-target photon ratio Chan Young Park, Jung Hwan Kim, Ji Hye Kim, Kwang-Woo Park p. 614-626
Performance assessment of a portable near-infrared fluorescence probe for noninvasive regional lymph-node detection Hyeong Ju Park, Woosub Song, Sun-Hee Ahn, Hyeyoon Goo, Jin-Chul Ahn, In Hee Shin p. 627-634
Design of rear passivation and band-gap grading for high-efficiency Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin-film solar cells Jun Yong Kim, Eun Jeong Jang, Yun Seon Do p. 635-642
Microlenslet-based holographic screen with flat-top beamforming to reduce vignetting effects Yongho Jang, Hoonjong Kang, Donghak Shin, Woosoon Kim p. 643-654
Model-less NIR through-focus scanning optical microscopy for depth estimation of embedded defects in OLED panels Ji Yong Joo, Jun Sung Lee, Ji Won Park, Se Jeong Kim, Jun Ho Lee, Oh-Hyung Kwon p. 655-665
Coupling characteristics of ZnMgO optical microring resonators Shuopei Jiao, Junjie Gao, Haoyang Du, Jing Zhang, Lei Wang, Xufang Zhang, Lei Meng p. 666-671
Deep-UV femtosecond source at 258 nm through harmonic generation of flat-top beams Jomsool Kim, Seungho Kwon, Ryon Cheong, Kilhwan Jeon, Byeong-Gu Lee, Nam Seong Kim, Min Yong Jeon, Jinju Kim, Yong-Ho Cha p. 672-679
Grain-size-dependent terahertz conductivity of MAPbI3 perovskite Byungwoo Son, Danbi Kim, Sung Heum Park, Jeong Woo Han, Nan Ei Yu, Do-Kyeong Ko p. 680-686

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