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[title page ect.]=3,1,2

Preface=5,3,1

Table Of Contents=6,4,3

List Of Tables=9,7,4

List Of Figures=13,11,3

Abstract=16,14,1

I. Summary And Main Issues=17,15,1

1. Fertility In Korea=17,15,4

2. Analysis On Socio-Economic Factors=20,18,20

3. Policy Development And Challenges=39,37,5

II. Demographic Changes And Paradigm Shift=44,42,1

1. Introduction=44,42,4

2. Responses To Fertility Change: Practice And Theory=47,45,10

3. Demographic Transition In Korea=57,55,4

4. Impacts Of Low Fertility Rate=60,58,9

5. Causes Of Low Fertility Rates=69,67,8

6. Paradigm Shift=76,74,4

III. Changes In Developments Of Population Policy=80,78,1

1. Evolution Of Population Policy=80,78,6

2. Population Growth Control Policy(1962~1996)=86,84,6

3. Population Quality And Welfare Improvement Policy(1996~2004)=91,89,5

4. Fertility Encouragement Policy(2004~Present)=95,93,15

5. Conclusion And Summary=109,107,6

IV. Child-Care And Parental Leave As Countermeasures Against Low Fertility Rates=115,113,1

1. The Economic Mechanism Of Childbearing=115,113,10

2. Childcare And Childrearing Support Policies And Fertility=124,122,9

3. Korea's Environment For Childbearing : Women's Employment And Childcare/Leave Systems=133,131,15

4. Policy Agenda For Childcare And Leave Systems For Better Conditions For Childrearing=147,145,2

V. Child Support And Low Fertility=149,147,1

1. Introduction=149,147,7

2. Concept And Child-Rearing Cost Measurement Methods=155,153,5

3. Estimating Child-Rearing Costs=159,157,19

4. Public Support For Child-Rearing Costs=178,176,8

5. Conclusion And Policy Implications=185,183,3

VI. Low Fertility And Role Of Social Insurance=188,186,1

1. Social Insurance As Counteraction Against Low Fertility Rate=188,186,2

2. Foreign Cases=190,188,14

3. Causes Of Low Fertility Rate And Social Insurance Policy=204,202,7

4. Alternative Political Plan : Improving The Existing Social Insurance System=210,208,13

5. Adoption Of A New Social Insurance System (Tentative Name: Childbirth/Child Rearing Insurance) To Raise The Fertility Rate=222,220,7

VII. Gender Equity Within Family And Low Fertility=229,227,1

1. Introduction=229,227,3

2. Research Question And Method=232,230,3

3. Literature Review=234,232,9

4. Low Fertility In Korea=243,241,10

5. Gender Structure Of The Korean Family=252,250,12

6. Gender Equity And Fertility=263,261,16

7. Conclusion=279,277,2

VIII. Equality Of Employment And Low Fertility=281,279,1

1. Introduction=281,279,4

2. Causes Of Low Fertility From A Gender Perspectives=284,282,9

3. International Comparison Of Relevance Of Birthrate And The Opportunity Structure In The Labor Market=293,291,21

4. The Present Situation In Korea: Birth-Control Experience Of Women Workers=314,312,4

5. Summary And Significance In Policy=317,315,4

References=321,319,11

[copyright]=332,330,1

List Of Tables

Table 1-1. Hidden Choice Of Women Who Work And Raise Their Children: Division By Ideal Types=27,25,1

Table 1-2. Hidden Choice Of Women Workers Who Work And Raise Their Children=28,26,1

Table 1-3. Logit Analysis For Second Birth Plan=37,35,1

Table 2-1. TFR Changes In Korea=57,55,1

Table 2-2. Changes In The TFR And The Ratio Of ElderIy People=62,60,1

Table 2-3. Changes In The Ages Of First Marriages Of Koreans=69,67,1

Table 2-4. Unmarried Women's Views On Marriage=71,69,1

Table 2-5. Changes Of Married Women's Attitudes Toward The Necessity Of Children=72,70,1

Table 3-1. Changes In The Total Fertility Rate And Total Number Of Birth=88,86,1

Table 3-2. Total Fertility Rate In Major OECD Countries=94,92,1

Table 3-3. Analysis Of Factors For Total Fertility Rate Reduction During=100,98,1

Table 3-4. Basic Marriage Rate And Fertility Rate Of Current Married Women=102,100,1

Table 3-5. Changes In The TFR In Case When Current Married Women Rate And Marital Fertility Rates Are Increased By 1% point Every Year=103,101,1

Table 3-6. Marital Fertility Rate And Current Married Women Rate Goal, 2005~2050=104,102,1

Table 4-1. Cost Of Child-Rearing In Middle Class Families=117,115,1

Table 4-2. Labor Market-Related Statistics By Workers' Sex And Number Of Children=122,120,1

Table 4-3. The Effects Of Policies In Response To Low Fertility Rates By Policy Regime=125,123,1

Table 4-4. Childcare And Childrearing Support Policies And Their Effects On Fertility Rates=127,125,1

Table 4-5. Relationship Between The Social Provision Of ECEC And Maternal Employment=132,130,1

Table 4-6. Use Of Maternity And Parental Leaves=137,135,1

Table 4-7. Use Of Parental Leave By Public Officials=137,135,1

Table 4-8. Estimated Mid-Term Additional Demand For Early Child Care=138,136,1

Table 4-9. Use Of Childcare Support Facilities=139,137,1

Table 4-10. Experience Of Career Interruptions By Number Of Children=140,138,1

Table 4-11. Needs For Childcare Services In Short-supply=141,139,1

Table 4-12. Preferences On Balancing Work And Family=142,140,1

Table 4-13. Realization Of The Ideal Number Of Children, Policy Demands, And Child Planning Of Dual-Income Couples By Women's Earned Income Brackets=144,142,1

Table 4-14. Employment Status, Ideal Number Of Children, And Childbirth Plans Of Married Women=145,143,1

Table 4-15. Preferences On Childbearing Support Policies By Income Brackets And Number Of Children Aged 0 To 2=146,144,1

Table 4-16. Preferences On Childbearing Support Policies By Income Brackets And Number Of Children Aged 3 to Preschool=147,145,1

Table 5-1. Items Concerning Income In The Household Survey=160,158,1

Table 5-2. Items Concerning Expenditures In Household Survey=161,159,1

Table 5-3. Characteristics Of High-Income And Low-Income Households=165,163,1

Table 5-4. Monthly Household Consumption Expenditures By Income Bracket=167,165,2

Table 5-5. Average Monthly Total Expenditures Of One-Child Households According To Standard Of Living By Income Bracket=170,168,1

Table 5-6. Average Monthly Child-Rearing Costs Of One-Child Households By Income Bracket And Percentage Share Of Household Expenditures=172,170,1

Table 5-7. Percentage Of Child-Rearing Expenditures Out Of Total Income Of One-Child Households According To Standard Of Living=173,171,1

Table 5-8. Average Monthly Total Expenditures Of Households By The Number Of Children And By Income Bracket=176,174,1

Table 5-9. Average Monthly Child-Rearing Expenditures By Number Of Children And According To Living Standards=177,175,1

Table 6-1. Causes Of Pension Credit Recognition In Foreign Countries=192,190,1

Table 6-2. Comparison Of Maternity Leaves And Childcare Support Systems=194,192,1

Table 6-3. Maternity Benefits And Parental Benefits Of Health Insurance Policies=196,194,3

Table 6-4. Causes Of Low Fertility And Possible Counteractive Social Insurance Measures=209,207,1

Table 7-1. TFR And Numbers Of Children Born, 1970~2003=243,241,1

Table 7-2. Birth Rate Trend Of OECD Countries=245,243,1

Table 7-3. Average Age Of Marriage By Year=246,244,1

Table 7-4. Divorce Rate By Year=249,247,1

Table 7-5. Number Of Marriage By Women's Marriages Age And Number Of Childbirth By Mother's Age=250,248,1

Table 7-6. Employment Status Of Female On Research Sample=253,251,1

Table 7-7. Average Of Women's Working Hours Per Week By Employment Status=253,251,1

Table 7-8. Group Distribution By Family Cycle=254,252,1

Table 7-9. Age Distribution Of Female By Family Cycle=255,253,1

Table 7-10. Average Non-Wage Labor Hours Of Couples (Detailed Items, Per Day)=260,258,1

Table 7-11. Average Total Labor Hours Of Couples (Per Day)=262,260,1

Table 7-12. Characteristic Of Women With Only One Child=264,262,2

Table 7-13. Logit Analysis For Second Birth Plan(Total)=268,266,1

Table 7-14. Logit Analysis For Second Birth Plan(Married Working Woman)=271,269,1

Table 7-15. Logit Analysis For Second Birth Plan(Housewife)=273,271,1

Table 7-16. Reasons For Single With No Plan To Get Marry=278,276,1

Table 8-1. Total Fertility Rate (2003)=287,285,1

Table 8-2. Analysis Frame For Fixations Of View On Gender=294,292,1

Table 8-3. Definition Of Variables=298,296,1

Table 8-4. Level Of Child Rearing Support Policy And Inequality In The Labor Market Of The Five Nations At The Bottom Of Birthrate Ranking=303,301,1

Table 8-5. Level Of Child Rearing Support Policy And Inequality In The Labor Market Of The Top 5 Nations In terms Of Birthrate=304,302,1

Table 8-6. Results Of Time Series Regression Analysis 1=311,309,1

Table 8-7. Result Of The Time Series Regression Analysis 2=312,310,1

Table 8-8. Result Of The Time Series Regression Analysis 2=313,311,1

Table 8-9. Hidden Choice Of Women Who Work And Raise Their Children=315,313,1

Table 8-10. Hidden Choice Of Women Workers=315,313,1

Table 8-11. Things Women Worry About When They Use Maternity Leave=316,314,1

Table 8-12. Level Of Agreement That Married Women Experience About The Inequality In The Labor Market=317,315,1

List Of Figures

Figure 2-1. TFR Changes In OECD Countries (l970-2004)=58,56,1

Figure 2-2. Changes In Crude Birth And Death Rates In Korea=60,58,1

Figure 2-3. The Relationship Between The TFR And Population Aging=61,59,1

Figure 2-4. Projected Changes In The Working-Age Population And Aged Dependency Ratio In Korea=64,62,1

Figure 3-1. Basic Structure Of Population Policy In Korea=84,82,1

Figure 3-2. Core Promotional Projects By Causes Of Low Fertility=101,99,1

Figure 4-1. Determinants Of Fertility And Policy Measures=119,117,1

Figure 4-2. Impact Of A Career Interruption On Lifetime Wage Of Workers=123,121,1

Figure 4-3. Potential Impact Of Various Policy Reforms On Total Fertility Rates=129,127,1

Figure 4-4. Total Fertility Rates And Employment Rates For Women=134,132,1

Figure 4-5. Proportion Of Children Under The Age Of 3 Using Childcare Facilities And Labor Participation Rates=134,132,1

Figure 4-6. Women's Employment Rate By Age (%)=135,133,1

Figure 4-7. Young Children Below 3 Using Formal Child-Care Arrangements=135,133,1

Figure 4-8. Parental Leave Provisions In Selected OECD Countries(2002)=136,134,1

Figure 4-9. Income Replacement Ratios Of Parental Leave In OECD Countries=136,134,1

Figure 5-1. Major Contents Of Study And Methodologies=153,151,1

Figure 5-2. Differences In Child-Rearing Costs Of High-Income Households By Child Age And According To Living Standards=174,172,1

Figure 5-3. Differences In Child-Rearing Costs Of Low-Income Households By Child Age And According To Living Standards=174,172,1

Figure 5-4. Tax Benefits For Married Households With Children With Income Level At 100% Of Average Production Wage (APW)=184,182,1

Figure 5-5. Tax Benefits For Married Households With Children With Income Level At 200% Of Average Production Wage (APW)=185,183,1

Figure 7-1. Working Couples' Housework Share And Second Child Fertility=237,235,1

Figure 7-2. Fertility And Women's Employment Rates Among The OECD Countries=240,238,1

Figure 7-3. TFR And Numbers Of Children Born, 1970~2003=244,242,1

Figure 7-4. Population Rate Of Single Women By Age=246,244,1

Figure 7-5. Average Age Of Marriage By Year=247,245,1

Figure 7-6. Unemployment Rate Among Young People=248,246,1

Figure 7-7. Number And Rate Of Divorce By Year=249,247,1

Figure 7-8. Number Of Marriage By Women's Age=251,249,1

Figure 7-9. Number Of Childbirths By Age Of Mother=251,249,1

Figure 7-10. Educational Attainment Of Female By Family Cycle=255,253,1

Figure 7-11. Employment Status Of Female By Family Cycle=256,254,1

Figure 7-12. Average Wage Labor Hours Of Couples per Day=257,255,1

Figure 7-13. Average Non-Wage Labor Hours Of Couples per Day=259,257,1

Figure 7-14. Average Free Time Of Couples per Day=261,259,1

Figure 7-15. Marriage Plan According To Sex And Employment=277,275,1

Figure 8-1. Women's Economic Participation And Fertility Rate=290,288,1

Figure 8-2. The Relationship Of Major Variables, Explaining Low Fertility And The Low Economic Participation Rate=292,290,1

Figure 8-3. Rate Of Women's Participation In The Labor Market And Birthrate=305,303,1

Figure 8-4. Women's Wage In Comparison To Men's And Birthrate=305,303,1

Figure 8-5. Rate Of Women's Part-Time Employment And Birthrate=306,304,1

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