Fig. 1. Treadmill test of UG0712 (exercise(excercise) rat group). Maximal running distance at 2 weeks (A) and 8 weeks (B) in regular exercise rats with 25 mg/kg UG0712 oral administration. 91

Fig. 2. Treadmill test of UG0712 (non-exercise(excercise) rat group). Maximal running distance at 6 weeks (A) and 9 weeks (B) in non-exercise rats with 25 mg/kg UG0712 oral administration. 92

Fig. 3. Change in VO2 max from baseline in the UG0712 human clinical trial on the improvement of exercise performance in healthy adults under supervised exercise program 93

Fig. 4. Change in anaerobic threshold (AT) from baseline in the UG0712 human clinical trial on the improvement of exercise performance in healthy adults under supervised exercise program. 94

Fig. 5. The HPLC chromatogram of standard mixture of UG0402C1, UG0402C2, UG0402C3 and UG0402C4 94

Fig. 6. The HPLC chromatogram of UG0402. 95

Fig. 7. The changes of UG0402C1 content in UG0402 for 6-months 95

Fig. 8. The changes of UG0402C2 content in UG0402 for 6-months. 96

Fig. 9. The changes of UG0402C3 content in UG0402 for 6-months. 96

Fig. 10. The changes of UG0402C4 content in UG0402 for 6-months. 97

Fig. 11. The changes of UG0402C1 content in UG0402 for 24-months. 97

Fig. 12. The changes of UG0402C2 content in UG0402 for 24-months 98

Fig. 13. The changes of UG0402C3 content in UG0402 for 24-months 98

Fig. 14. The changes of UG0402C4 content in UG0402 for 24-months 98

Fig. 15. The content of UG0402C1, UG0402C2, UG0402C3 and UG0402C4 in raw materials according to the manufacturers 99

Fig. 16. The content of UG0402C1, UG0402C2, UG0402C3 and UG0402C4 in raw materials according to the nation 99

Fig. 17. The content of UG0402C1, UG0402C2, UG0402C3 and UG0402c4 in raw materials according to the part 99

Fig. 18. The content of UG0402C1, UG0402C2, UG0402C3 and UG0402C4 in raw materials according to the extraction solvent. 100

Fig. 19. UG0712 tablet and soft capsule sample 102

Fig. 20. HPLC chromatogram of fermented ginseng leaf extract. 102

Fig. 21. Ginsenoside content of fermented ginseng leaf extract(UG0407) 102

Fig. 22. UG0712, A Novel Ginsenoside Composition Enhances the Endurance Exercise Capacity and Fatigue Recovery., Lab. Anim. Res. 2009: 25(3), 207-212 103

Fig. 23. Effect of endothelial denudation and an inhibitor of endothelial nitric oxide synthase on the UG0712-induced vasorelaxation in the aortic ring of rats. Endothelial denudation was confirmed by the loss of acetylcholine-induced relaxation, and... 104

Fig. 24. Vasorelaxing effect of UG0712 (0.01 ~ 0.1 mg/ml) on phenyl -ephrine-induced contraction in the aortic ring of rats. The contraction was evoked by the treatment of 300 nM phenylephrine. 104

Fig. 25. Effect of L-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 0.1 mM), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, on the UG0712-induced vasorelaxation on the phenylephrine-induced contraction in the thoracic aortic rings of rats. Each symbol is... 105

Fig. 26. Effects of UG0712 on swimming exercise in mice. The mice were given vehicle (1% tween 80), Guarana, Red ginseng, UG0712 and Formulated UG0712(100mg/kg) respectively. The mice swam with weights attached to their tails... 105

Fig. 27. UG0712 solubility test results 106

Fig. 28. Photo of UG0712 and UG0712/β-CD complex water solution 106

Fig. 29. Photo of UG0712 and UG0712/β-CD complex powder 106

Fig. 30. Recycling prep-HPLC chromatogram of UG0712C1/C2. 107

Fig. 31. Learning & memory effects of UG0402 (UG3) on the total correct score of verbal learning test in normal adults. 107

Fig. 32. Fig.2. Executive function effects of UG0402 (UG3) on the Wisconsin card sorting test in normal adults. Wisconsin card sorting test is cognitive function test about executive function. 108

Fig. 33. Attention effects of UG0402 (UG3) on the total error of auditory controlled continuous performance in normal adults. Total error in sum of various kind of errors. 108

Fig. 34. Morris water maze tests and carried out in the 18-months old aged rat for assessment of learning and memory function decline. UG0402 (50 and 100 mg/kg) showed dose dependent enhancement of hippocampal memory function (Left... 109

Fig. 35. A) AchR-β1 immunoreactivity in the hippocampal CA1 region of control(a) and UG0402 treated group (b) of the 21 months aged rats. Note that the AchRβ1 immunoreactivity is significantly increased in the UG0402 treated group compared... 109

Fig. 36. A) Age-related changes of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunoreactive neurons in the medial septum (upper line) and diagonal band (under line) at 22 months(A,D), 25 months(B,E), and UG0402-treated 25... 110

Fig. 37. A) Age-related changes of AchR-α7 in the hippocampal CA1 region at 22 months (A), 25 months (B) and UG0402 treated-25 months (C) (100mg/kg, 12 weeks) group. Note that the number of AchR-α7 positive neurons are decreased... 110

Fig. 38. Representative pictures of ethanol induced erosive gastritis damaged lesions. Absolute or 60% ethanol in HCI were injected by per oral administration (0.5 ml/100g of body weight) after 24 hours fasting and depriving of water. 111

Fig. 39. Gross lesion scores of ethanol induced erosive gastritis lesions with or without treatment of UG0505. The gastric damage scores of control, positive control, and UG0505 treated rats were 3.33±1.15, 1.01±0.32, and 1.23±0.54, respectively. 111

Fig. 40. Maintenance and spontaneous recovery patterns of the ethanol induced erosive gastritis lesions. Lesion index were measured by computer-assisted area measurement program, analySISTM Lifescience Research (Soft Imaging System,... 111

Fig. 41. The changes of body weight (A, male; B, female) in mice treated with single acute oral administration of UG0505. 113

Fig. 42. The changes of body weight (A, male; B, female) in mice treated with 28-day repeated oral dose of UG0505. 114

Fig. 43. The oral glucose(gluose) tolerance test in C57BLKS/J- ob/ob mice with or without treatment of UG0506 for 8-weeks. 115

Fig. 44. The HbA1c levels in C57BLKS/J- db/db mice with or without treatment of UG0506 for 12-weeks. 116

Fig. 45. The oral glucose(gluose) tolerance test in streptozotocin and nicotinamide induced pancreatic β-cell reduction animal model. Note that fasting blood glucose level of induced rats is increased compared as control rats (243.5±27.6 vs 96.3±2.5 mg/dl, respectively)... 116

Fig. 46. The changes of fasting (A) and non-fasting (B) blood glucose in the diabetic C57BLK/KsJ-db/db mice treated with or without UG0506 at the dose of 100mg/kg/day for 12 weeks. 117

Fig. 47. Changes of blood glucose in oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in C57BLKS/J-db/db mice with or without treatment of UG0506 for 12-weeks. 117

Fig. 48. Changes of HbA1c value in C57BLKS/J-db/db mice with or without treatment of UG0506 for 12-weeks. 118

Fig. 49. Effects of test articles on acidified ethanol-induced gastric lesions (mm) in rats. Data are expressed as Mean ±S.E. The results were statistically analyzed by student's t-test. G1: control, n＝40; G2: treatment of 100 mg/kg of UG0505-1... 119

Fig. 50. The HPLC chromatogram of standard mixture of UG0506C1, UG0506C2, UG0506C3 and UG0506 sample. 119

Fig. 51. The changes of UG0506C1 content in UG0506 for 6-months 120

Fig. 52. The changes of UG0506C2 content in UG0506 for 6-months 121

Fig. 53. The changes of UG0506C3 content in UG0506 for 6-months 121

Fig. 54. The content variation of UG0506C1, UG0506C2 and UG0506C3 in raw materials according to the manufacturers. 122

Fig. 55. Changes of body weight in the high cholesterol diet induced atherosclerosis mice with or without treatment of UG0404. for 8-weeks. 122

Fig. 56. Morphometry of Oil red O stained of frozen sections of aortic valve lesion areas by computer-associated image analysis in the high cholesterol diet induced atherosclerosis mice with or without treatment of UG0404 for 8-weeks. 123

Fig. 57. Morphometry of Oil red O stained aortic valve lesion areas by computer-associated image analysis in the high cholesterol diet induced atherosclerosis mice with or without treatment of UG0404 for 8-weeks. 124

Fig. 58. Efficacy screening for anti-Alzheimer's disease; A) Inhibitory activity of UG0504 and their fractions on Aβ aggregation assay. All samples were treated with 10ug/ml. B) Inhibitory activity of UG0504 against aggregated Aβ induced... 124

Fig. 59. Efficacy screening for anti-Alzheimer's disease; A) Inhibitory activity of UG0314 (10ug/ml) on Aβ aggregation assay. B) Inhibitory activity of UG0314 against aggregated Aβ induced cytotoxicity with HT22 cells. 25uM of recombinant... 125

Fig. 60. Cytotoxicity of UG0402P on human smooth muscle cells. 125

Fig. 61. Inhibitory effect of vascular aortic smooth muscle cell proliferation by UG0402P. 126

Fig. 62. The HPLC chromatogram of UG0404C1 standard and UG0404 sample. 126

Fig. 63. The changes of UG0404C1 content in UG0404 for 6-months 127

Fig. 64. Development of manufacturing process of UG0404 129

Fig. 65. Formalin test; CD-1 mice (n＝6) were treated with Ibuprofen (positive drug), UG0406 and commercial herbal medicine at the dose of 100mg/kg p.o an half hour before intraplantar inoculation of 2.5% formalin at the right hind paw.... 129

Fig. 66. Writhing test; CD-1 mice (n＝6) were treated with Ibuprofen (positive drug), UG0408 and commercial herbal medicine at the dose of 100mg/kg p.o an half hour before IP administration of 0.6% acetic acid. Data reported as mean ± SD. 130

Fig. 67. Mean total Measurements; Motor activity (MA) was evaluated near the end of the study on all males (Day 90) and females (Day 91) of the control and high dose groups. Each animal was placed into a polycarbonate solid bottom cage 131

Fig. 68. Individual in body weights were recorded twice during the acclimation period, on Day 1 (the day of study start) and approximately weekly thereafter (7 day intervals ± 1) for 13 weeks for both males and females. Data expressed as mean ± SD. 134

Fig. 69. Individual food consumption was measured and recorded weekly adjusting for spillage. Mean daily food consumption was calculated for each sex/dose level during each weekly interval and overall (Days 1-91) testing for both males... 135

Fig. 70. Change in body weights of female rats after repeat treatment (GD6~GD15) with UG0408. ●, No treatment; □, Saline; △, 250mg/kg; ◇, 500mg/kg; ▼, 1000mg/kg UG0408. 138

Fig. 71. Change in feed consumption of female rats after repeat treatment (GD6~GD15) with UG0408. ●, No treatment; □, Saline; △, 250mg/kg; ◇, 500mg/kg; ▼, 1000mg/kg UG0408. Significant differences as compared with No treatment; 140

Fig. 72. Photo of Univestin-K pills. 143

Fig. 73. The product declaration of Dietary supplement for Univestin-K pills.(그림없음) 143

Fig. 74. HPLC chromatogram of catechin 145

Fig. 75. HPLC chromatogram of baicalin 145

Fig. 76. Water solubility of UG0408 & UG0408S. 145

Fig. 77. IR spectrum of UG0408 & UG0408S 146

Fig. 78. Comparison of physical appearance in pastry containing UG0201 147

Fig. 79. Question and answer after taste test of pastry containing UG0201 148

Fig. 80. Product launching of UniBEX-S (UG0201-Taiwan version) 149

Fig. 81. Stability test of UG0201 liquid formulation 150