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영문목차
Chapter One: Theory and Crime=1
Spiritual Explanations
Natural Explanations
Scientific TheOlies
Causation in Scientific Theories
Classical Criminology
Positivist Criminology
The Behavior of Criminal Law
The Relationship Among the Various Frames of Reference
Chapter Two: Classical and Positivist Criminology=14
The Social and Intellectual Background of Classical Criminology
Beccaria and the Classical School
The Transition to Positivist Criminology
Guerry and Quetelet
Cesare Lombroso
The Relation Between Positivist and Classical Theories
Conclusion
Chapter Three: Biological Factors and Criminal Behavior=31
Physical Appearance: Defectiveness
Physical Appearance: Body Type
Family Studies
Twin and Adoption Studies
Neurotransmitters
Hormones
The Central Nervous System
The Autonomic Nervous System
Environmentally Induced Biological Components of Behavior
Implications and Conclusions
Chapter Four: Psychological Factors and Criminal Behavior=55
Intelligence and Crime: Background Ideas and Concepts
IQ Tests and Criminal Behavior
Delinquency, Race, and IQ
Interpreting the Association Between Delinquency and IQ
Policy Implications of the IQ
Delinquency Link
Personality and Criminal Behavior
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Psychiatric Predictions of Future Dangerousness
Early Childhood Predictors of Later Crime and Delinquency
Impulsivity and Crime
Policy Implications of Personality Research
Conclusions
Chapter Five: Crime and Economic Conditions=84
Research on Crime and Economic Conditions: Contradictions and Disagreements
Crime and Unemployment: A Detailed Look at Research
Problems Interpreting Research on Crime and Economic Conditions
Implications and Conclusions
Chapter Six: Durkheim, Anomie, and Modernization=100
Emile Durkhein1
Crime as Normal in Mechanical Societies
Anomie as a Pathological State in Organic Societies
Assessing Durkheim's Theory of Crime
Conclusion
Chapter Seven: Neighborhoods and Crime=117
The Theory of Human Ecology
Research in the "Delinquency Areas" of Chicago
Policy Implications
Residential Succession, Social Disorganization, and Crime
Sampson's Theory of Collective Efficacy
Implications and Conclusions
Chapter Eight: Strain Theories=135
Robert K. Merton and Anomie in American Society
Strain as the Explanation of Gang Delinquency
Policy Implications
The Decline and Resurgence of Strain Theories
Strain in Individuals and in Societies: Negative Emotions and Institutional Anomie
Conclusion
Chapter Nine: Learning Theories=154
Basic Psychological Approaches to Learning
Tarde's Laws of Imitation
Sutherland's Differential Association Theory
Research Testing Sutherland's Theory
The Content of Learning: Cultural and Subcultural Theories
The Learning Process: Social Learning Theory
Implications
Conclusions
Chapter Ten: Control Theories=177
Early Control Theories: Reiss to Nye
Matza's Delinquency and Drift
Hirschi's Social Control Theory
Assessing Social Control Theory
Gottfredson and Hirschi's A General Theory of Crime
Assessing Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory
Implications and Conclusions
Chapter Eleven: Contemporary Classicism: Deterrence, Routine Activities, and Rational Choice=196
Early Deterrence Theory and Research
Three Types of Deterrence Research
Rational Choice and Offending
Routine Activities and Victimization
Routine Activities and Modernization
Conclusions
Chapter Twelve: The Meaning of Crime=209
The Meaning of Crime to the Self: Labeling Theory
The Meaning of Crime to the Criminal: Katz's Seductions of Grime
The Meaning of Crime to the Larger Society: Deviance and Social Reaction
State Power and the Meaning of Crime: Controlology
Implications and Conclusions
Chapter Thirteen: Conflict Criminology=227
Early Conflict Theories: Sellin and Vold
Conflict Theories in a Time of Conflict: Turk, Quinney, and Chambliss and Seidman
Black's Theory of the Behavior of Law
A U niRed Conflict Theory of Crime
Testing Conflict Criminology
Implications and Conclusions
Chapter Fourteen: Marxist and Postmodern Criminology=248
Overview of Marx's Theory
Marx on Crime, Criminal Law, and Criminal Justice
The Emergence of Marxist Criminology
Marxist Theory and Research on Crime
Overview of Postmodemism
Postmodem Criminology
Conclusion
Chapter Fifteen: Gender and Crime=267
The Development of Feminist Criminology
Schools of Feminist Criminology
Gender in Criminology
Why Are Women's Crime Rates So Low?
Why Are Men's Crime Rates So High?
Conclusions
Chapter 16: Age and Crime=283
The Great Debate: Criminal Careers, Longitudinal Research, and the Relationship Between Age and Clime
Criminal Propensity vs. Criminal Career
The Transition to Developmental Criminology
Thornberry's Interactional Theory
Sampson and Laub's Age-Graded Theory of Informal Social Control
Conclusions
Chapter Seventeen: Integrated Theories=301
Elliott's Integrated Theory of Delinquency and Dmg Use
The Falsification vs. Integration Debate
Braithwaite's Theory of Reintegrative Shaming
Tittle's Control Balance Theory
Vila's General Paradigm
Bernard and Snipes's Approach to Integrating Criminology Theories
Conclusion
Chapter Eighteen: Assessing Criminology Theories=318
Science, Theory, Research, and Policy
Individual Difference Theories
Structure/Process Theories
Theories of the Behavior of Criminal Law
Conclusion
Index=339
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