영문목차

PREFACE=iii

TABLE OF ACRONYMS=v

TABLE OF CASES=xxvii

Chapter I. Perspectives on Environmental Law=1

A. Environmental Protection:An Overview=1

1. Major Themes=1

2. Environmental Regulation:Four Scenarios=4

3. The History of Environmental Law=10

Richard J. Lazarus, "The Greening of America and the Graying of United States Environmental Law:Reflections on Environmental Law's First Three Decades in the United States"=10

Notes=15

Note on the Impact of U.S. Environmental Regulation=16

B. The Ecological Perspective=17

Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac=17

Notes=21

George Ledec and Robert Goodland, Wildlands:Their Protection and Management in Economic Development=22

Notes=27

J. B. Ruhl, Thinking of Environmental Law as a Complex Adaptive System:How to Clean Up the Environment by Making a Mess of Environmental Law=28

Notes=29

Norman Myers, Environmental Unknowns=30

Notes=33

C. The Environment as Commons=33

Garrett Hardin, The Tragedy of the Commons=33

Notes=35

Note on the Prisoners' Dilemma=36

Fred P. Bosselman, "Replaying the Tragedy of the Commons"=38

Note on International Environmental Norms=41

Worldwatch Institute, State of the World 1997=42

Donald A. Brown, "The U.S. Performance in Achieving its 1992 Earth Summit Global Warming Commitments"=45

Notes=49

D. Economic Analysis and the Environment=49

1. The Economic Perspective=50

Charles J. Meyers, An Introduction to Environmental Thought:Some Sources and Some Criticisms=50

Note=52

Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, First Report=53

Note on Economic Analysis=55

Note on Cost-Benefit Analysis=57

2. Economic Approaches to Regulation=62

Anderson, et al., Environmental Improvement Through Economic Incentives=63

Note=65

Charles L. Schultze, et al., Setting National Priorities:The 1973 Budget=66

Notes=67

E. New Directions in Environmental Protection=69

Jody Freeman, "The Contracting State"=69

Christopher H. Schroeder, "Third Way Environmentalism"=73

Notes=78

Chapter II. The Judicial Role=79

A. Administrative Law=79

B. Access to the Courts=84

1. Standing=84

a. Injury in fact=84

Sierra Club v. Morton=84

Notes=89

United States v. Students Challenging Regulatory Agency Procedures (SCRAP I)=90

Notes=92

Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife=92

Notes=101

Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services (TOC), Inc.=106

Notes=114

b. Zone of Interests=115

Bennett v. Spear=116

Notes=120

C. Legal Bases for Challenging Agency Action=121

Whitman v. American Trucking Associations, Inc.=121

Notes=123

Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe=126

Notes=129

Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.=131

Notes=135

Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. NRDC=138

Notes=142

D. The National Environmental Policy Act=143

1. Threshold Requirements=149

Hanly v. Mitchell［Hanly I］=149

Notes=151

Metropolitan Edison Co. v. People Against Nuclear Energy=152

Notes=155

Hanly v. Kleindienst ［Hanly II］=157

Notes=160

Public Citizen v. Department of Transportation=162

Notes=170

Note on the "Federal Action" Requirement=171

2. Scope and Timing of the Impact Statement=172

Kleppe v.Sierra Club=173

Notes=179

Note on Proposal Definition, Scope, and Timing=179

Weinberger v. Catholic Action of Hawaii=181

Notes=183

Marsh v. Oregon Natural Resources Council=184

Notes=190

3. Content of the Impact Statement=191

Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. v. Morton=191

Notes=195

Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.=196

Notes=198

Carolina Environmental Study Group v. United States=199

Notes=201

Baltimore Gas & Electric Co. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.=202

Notes=206

Robertson v. Methow Valley Citizens Council=207

Notes=211

Note:Appraising NEPA After Thirty Years and Future Trends=212

Chapter III. Environmental Federalism=215

A. Uniformity Versus Diversity in Environmental Regulation=215

Richard L. Revesz, The Race to the Bottom and Federal Environmental Regulation:A Response to Critics=216

Notes=219

Richard B. Stewart, Environmental Quality as a National Good in a Federal State=220

Notes=223

B. The Scope of Federal Power=223

Missouri v. Holland=224

Notes=226

Hodel v. Indiana=226

Notes=228

Note on the Revival of Limits on the Commerce Clause=228

Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County [SWANCC] v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers=231

Notes=235

Note on the Tenth Amendment and Environmental Law=236

New York v. United States=237

Notes=240

C. Commerce Clause Restrictions on State Power=242

Minnesota v. Clover Leaf Creamery Co.=243

Notes=244

Hughes v. Alexandria Scrap Corp.=245

Notes=247

City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey=247

Notes=250

C & A Carbone, Inc. v. Town of Clarkstown, N.Y.=251

Notes=256

Note on Federal Preemption=257

D. Environmental Regulation and International Trade=259

Note on GATT and Domestic Regulations=260

Steve Charnovitz, The Environment vs. Trade Rules:Defogging the Debate=264

Notes=266

Robert Howse, The Appellate Body Rulings in the Shrimp／Turtle Case:A New Legal Baseline for the Trade and Environment Debate=267

Notes=270

Chapter IV. Air Pollution=272

Introduction=272

A. The Common Law=273

1. Private Nuisance=273

Boomer v. Atlantic Cement Company=273

Notes=277

Ronald Coase, "The Problem of Social Cost"=278

Notes=281

2. Public Nuisance=282

Spur Industries, Inc. v. Del E. Webb Development Co.=283

Notes=285

B. Government Regulation of Air Quality=285

1. The Clean Air Act=287

2. History of Clean Air Legislation=288

3. Helpful Distinctions Regarding the Clean Air Act=290

a. Harm-Based vs. Technology-Based Regulation=290

b. Stationary vs. Mobile Sources=291

c. New vs. Existing Sources=292

d. Attainment vs. Nonattainment Areas=292

e. Major vs. Non-Major Sources=293

4. Overview of the Clean Air Act=294

5. Air Quality Standards=297

a. Criteria Pollutants=298

b. Listing Pollutants=300

Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. v. Train=300

Notes=303

c. Setting Air Standards=304

Lead Industries, Inc. v. EPA=304

Notes=315

d. The Role of Cost in Standard Setting=316

Whitman v. American Trucking Associations, Inc.=316

Notes=322

6. State Implementation Plans=322

Union Electric Co. v. EPA=324

Notes=327

Train v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.=327

Notes=330

Citizens Against the Refinery's Effects, Inc. v. EPA=330

Notes=334

7. New Source Performance Standards=334

8. Hazardous Air Pollutants=335

National Mining Association v. EPA=337

Notes=340

9. PSD Areas=340

10. The Nonattainment Problem=341

Delaney v. EPA=342

Notes=344

Whitman v. American Trucking Associations, Inc.=347

Notes=349

11. New Source Review=349

12. Title V Permits=351

13. Mobile Sources=353

a. History of Mobile Source Provisions=354

International Harvester Co. v. Ruckelshaus=354

Notes=360

b. California's Special Status in Emissions Regulation=362

c. Clean Fuels=364

d. Inspection and Maintenance Programs and Transportation Controls=365

Notes=366

14. Interstate Air Pollution=366

a. Overview=366

b. Interstate Ozone and NOx=368

Appalachian Power Company v. EPA=368

Note=375

c. Acid Rain=375

Notes=379

15. Market Mechanisms to Control Air Pollution=382

a. Intrastate Emissions Trading Programs=382

b. Banking, Bubbles, and Offsets=383

Robert W. Hahn & Gordon L. Hester, "Marketable Permits:Lessons for Theory and Practice"=383

Note=385

Chapter V. Water Pollution=386

A. Background=386

1. Historical Context=386

2. The 1972 Amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act=388

3. Comparing the CWA and the CAA=389

4. Results=390

Water Pollution Control:25 Years of Progress and Challenges for the New Millennium=390

The Quality of Our Nation's Waters A Summary of the National Water Quality Inventory:1998 Report to Congress=392

5. Pollutants=396

B. The Clean Water Act and the Common Law=398

Milwaukee v. Illinois［Milwaukee II］=398

Notes=402

International Paper Company v. Ouellette=403

Notes=405

C. Modern Regulation of Water Pollution=406

1. Federal Statutes Governing Water Pollution=406

2. Overview of the Clean Water Act=406

3. Effluent Standards Under the CWA:Dischargers, Distinctions and Deadlines=408

4. Exceptions to the Rule of Technology-Based Standards Under CWA:Water Quality Standards and Nonpoint Source Provisions=415

5. Federal Authority to Regulate Water Pollution=416

a. Waters of the United States=416

6. Point Sources=417

a. Conventional and Non-conventional (non-toxic) Pollutants=418

NRDC v. Costle=418

Notes=422

Sierra Club v. Abston Construction Company=423

Notes=427

Concerned Area Residents for the Environment v. Southview Farm=427

Notes=433

b. Litigation over the Setting of Technology-based Effluent Limits=434

du Pont v. Train=434

Notes=439

Chemical Manufacturer's Association v. EPA=440

Notes=448

c. Toxics=449

d. New Source Performance Standards=451

Chemical Manufacturer's Association v. EPA=451

Notes=454

e. Publicly Owned Treatment Works=454

f. Water Quality Standards(WQS)=455

PUD No. 1 of Jefferson County v. Washington Department of Ecology=458

Notes=463

g. Water Quality Standards and Interstate Pollution=464

Arkansas v. Oklahoma=464

Notes=467

D. Nonpoint Source Pollution=467

1. Area Planning=467

2. Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs)=470

a. Point sources=470

Dioxin／Organochlorine Center v. EPA=471

b. Nonpoint sources=478

Pronsolino v. Nastri=479

Oliver A. Houck, "The Clean Water Act TMDL Program V：Aftershock and Prelude"=486

Notes=496

3. The Future=497

Clean Water Action Plan:Restoring and Protecting America's Waters=497

Notes on Alternative and Supplementary Approaches to Air and Water Regulation=499

Chapter VI. Risk Management and Scientific Uncertainty=505

A. The Concept of Risk=505

Alon Rosenthal, et al., Legislating Acceptable Cancer Risk From Exposure to Toxic Chemicals=505

Notes=506

Clayton P. Gillette & James E. Krier, Risk, Courts, and Agencies=507

Notes=513

Cass R. Sunstein, Which Risks First?=514

Notes=516

B. Risk Assessment=517

Note:How EPA Assesses Risks=517

Chlorine Chemistry Council v. EPA=519

Notes=523

Lars Noah, "Peer Review and Regulatory Reform"=524

Wendy E.Wagner, "Congress, Science, and Environmental Policy"=527

Notes=529

A. Dan Tarlock, "Genetic Susceptibility and Environmental Risk Assessment:An Emerging Link"=529

Notes=532

C. Risk Management and Cost-Benefit Analysis=533

Steve P. Calandrillo, "Responsible Regulation:A Sensible Cost-Benefit, Risk Versus Risk Approach to Federal Health and Safety Regulation"=533

Notes=537

Frank Ackerman & Lisa Heinzerling, Pricing the Priceless:Cost-Benefit Analysis of Environmental Protection=537

Notes=542

D. Judicial Views Concerning Management of Uncertain Risks=543

Reserve Mining Co. v. Environmental Protection Agency=543

Notes=549

Industrial Union Department, AFL-CIO v. American Petroleum Institute=552

Notes=563

American Textile Manufacturers Institute, Inc. v. Donovan=565

Notes=568

E. The Distribution of Risk=569

Richard J. Lazarus, Pursuing 'Environmental Justice':The Distributional Effects of Environmental Protection=570

Omar Saleem, Overcoming Environmental Discrimination:The Need for a Disparate Impact Test and Improved Notice Requirements in Facility Siting Decisions=573

Notes=576

Note on Legal Implementation of Environmental Equity=578

Chapter VII. Regulation of Toxic Substances, Genetically Modified Organisms, and Hazardous Wastes=581

A. Regulating the Sale of Toxic Substances=581

1. Pesticide Control=581

Environmental Defense Fund, Inc. v. Environmental Protection Agency［Aldrin and Dieldrin］=583

Notes=589

Environmental Defense Fund, Inc. v. Environmental Protection Agency［Heptachlor and Chlordane］=590

Notes=593

Les v. Reilly=596

Notes=598

Donald Hornstein, Lessons From Federal Pesticide Regulation on the Paradigms and Politics of Environmental Law Reform=599

Notes=603

2. The Toxic Substances Control Act=604

Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. v. Environmental Protection Agency=606

Notes=608

Corrosion Proof Fittings v. Environmental Protection Agency=609

Notes=615

B. Regulating the Environmental Effects of Biotechnology=617

Judy Kim, Out of the Lab and Into the Field:Harmonization of Deliberate Release Regulations for Genetically Modified Organisms=617

Note=620

National Research Council, Committee on Environmental Impacts Associated With Commercialization of Transgenic Plants, "Environmental Effects of Transgenic Plants:The Scope and Adequacy of Regulation"=621

Notes=626

C. Regulating the Treatment, Storage and Disposal of Hazardous Wastes=628

1. The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act=630

a. "Solid" and "Hazardous" Waste Defined=633

American Mining Congress v. Environmental Protection Agency=633

Notes=638

Chemical Waste Management, Inc. v. Environmental Protection Agency=641

Notes=645

Edison Electric Institute v. Environmental Protection Agency=645

Notes=649

b. The Land Disposal Ban=651

Edison Electric Institute v. Environmental Protection Agency=652

Notes=654

Chemical Waste Management, Inc. v. Environmental Protection Agency=655

Notes=660

Stoll, Coping With the RCRA Hazardous Waste System:A Few Practical Points for Fun and Profit=661

c. Waste Minimization and Pollution Prevention=666

2. State and Local Siting of Hazardous Waste Facilities=670

Mata, Hazardous Waste Facilities and Environmental Equity:A Proposed Siting Model=670

Note=673

D. Mandatory Disclosure of Information Concerning Chemical Hazards and Related Liabilities=674

Blomquist, The Logic and Limits of Public Information Mandates Under Federal Hazardous Waste Law:A Policy Analysis=674

Notes=677

Mark Cohen, Information as a Policy Instrument in Protecting the Environment:What Have We Learned?=679

Michelle Chan-Fishel, After Enron:How Accounting and SEC Reform Can Promote Corporate Accountability While Restoring Public Confidence=683

Note=687

Chapter VIII. Environmental Liability and Enforcement=688

A. Citizen Suits=688

Scott M. DuBoff, The 1990 Amendments and Section 304:The specter of Increased Citizen Suit Enforcement=689

Notes=696

Note on Attorneys' Fees=702

B. Injunctions=703

TVA v. Hill=703

Notes=709

Weinberger v. Romero-Barcelo=709

Notes=714

United States v. Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel Corp.=715

Notes=718

Adams v. Vance=719

Notes=722

C. Civil Liability Under RCRA and CERCLA=723

1. Liability Under the "Imminent Hazard" Provisions of RCRA=723

United States v. Waste Industries, Inc.=724

Notes=728

United States v. Northeastern Pharmaceutical & Chemical Co., Inc.［NEPACCO］=729

Notes=732

Adam Babich, "RCRA Imminent Hazard Authority:A Powerful Tool for Businesses, Governments, and Citizen Enforcers"=733

Note=736

2. Liability Under CERCLA=736

U.S. Council on Environmental Quality, Environmental Quality 1981:12th Annual Report=736

Note on CERCLA Implementation=737

a. Basis and Scope of Liability=740

United States v. Monsanto Co.=740

Note on Joint and Several Liability and on Allocation of Costs Among Responsible Parties=748

Note on Alternatives to EPA Suit Under Section 107=757

Discussion Problem #1 on CERCLA Liability=759

b. Responsible Parties=760

United States v. Northeastern Pharmaceutical & Chemical Co., Inc.［NEPACCO］=760

Notes on the Identification of Responsible Parties=763

Discussion Problem #2 on CERCLA Liability=778

c. Remedy Selection=779

Casey Scott Padgett, "Selecting Remedies at Superfund Sites:How Should 'Clean' be Determined?"=779

Notes=782

d. Settlements=786

United States v. Cannons Engineering Corp.=787

Notes=793

e. Governmental Recovery of Damages for Injury to Natural Resources=796

D. The Role of Federal Bankruptcy Law=801

David H. Topol, "Hazardous Waste and Bankruptcy:Confronting the Unasked Questions"=802

Note=808

E. Criminal Liability Under Federal Environmental Laws=809

Richard J. Lazarus, "Assimilating Environmental Protection Into Legal Rules and the Problem With Environmental Crime"=809

Notes=812

Note on Penalties and Prosecutions=813

Note on Environmental Audit Privileges=817

Note on the Public Welfare Offense Doctrine=818

United States v. Laughlin=819

Notes=822

United States v. Sinskey=824

Note=829

United States v. Hanousek=829

Notes=833

United States v. Ming Hong=833

Notes=836

Discussion Problem on Criminal Liability=837

F. Common Law Remedies=838

1. Injunctions=838

Village of Wilsonville v. SCA Services, Inc.=838

Notes=841

2. Damages=842

Frank P. Grad, "Remedies for Injuries Caused by Hazardous Waste:The Report and Recommendations of the Superfund 301(e) Study Group"=842

Notes=845

State v. Ventron Corp.=846

Notes=849

Daniel A. Farber, "Toxic Causation"=850

Note=856

Ayers v. Township of Jackson=858

Notes=869

Chapter IX. Preservation of Natural Areas=871

A. Perspectives on Ecology, Economics, and Property=872

J.B. Ruhl, Thinking of Environmental Law as a Complex Adaptive System:How to Clean Up the Environment by Making a Mess of Environmental Law=872

Note=875

James E. Salzman, Valuing Ecosystem Services=876

Notes=879

J. Peter Byrne, Green Property=881

Notes=884

B. Private Property=885

1. The Taking Problem=885

Note on the Development of Takings Doctrine=885

Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council=889

Notes=895

Palazzolo v. Rhode Island=897

Notes=901

Tahoe-Sierra Preservation Council, Inc. v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency=901

Notes=905

2. Development Restrictions on Private Wetlands=906

United States v. Riverside Bayview Homes, Inc.=909

Notes=912

Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County v. United States Army Corps of Engineers=912

Notes=912

Note on Takings Claims and Wetlands Protection=913

J.B. Ruhl and R. Juge Gregg, Integrating Ecosystem Services Into Environmental Law:A Case Study of Wetlands Mitigation Banking=915

Notes=918

C. Quasi-Public Property=918

1. Public Trust and Related Doctrines=918

Illinois Central Railroad Co. v. Illinois=919

Notes=920

Boone v. Kingsbury=922

Marks v. Whitney=924

Notes=926

State ex rel. Thornton v. Hay=928

Notes=930

Note on the Navigational Servitude=931

2. Protecting Coastal Waters=933

Problem on Property Rights Under OCSLA=937

Note on Statutory Liability for Oil Spills=938

Commonwealth of Puerto Rico v. SS Zoe Colocotroni=941

Notes=946

Note on Natural Resources Damages=946

D. Public Property=947

1. The Property Clause=948

Kleppe v. New Mexico=948

Notes=950

Minnesota v. Block=951

Notes=953

2. Introduction to Public Land Laws=953

Jan Laitos & Thomas Carr, The Transformation on Public Lands=954

Notes=957

Note on Withdrawals=958

3. Protection of Public Lands From Conflicting Private Uses=961

Cappaert v. United States=961

Note=963

United States v. New Mexico=964

Notes=966

3. Endangered Species=967

TVA v. Hill=968

Notes=968

Joseph Sax, Environmental Law at the Turn of the Century:A Reportorial Fragment of Contemporary History=969

Notes=972

Babbitt v. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great Oregon=973

Notes=979

Shi-Ling Hsu, The Potential and Pitfalls of Habitat Conservation Planning Under the Endangered Species Act=981

Notes=985

INDEX=987