영문목차

Tables=ix

Figures=xiii

Contributors=xv

Acknowledgments=xix

1. Introduction and Overview/Neal Halfon;Kathryn Taaffe McLearn;Mark A. Schuster=1

PART I. CONDITIONS OF FAMILIES WITH YOUNG CHILDREN=21

2. Resources Devoted to Child Development by Families and Society/M. Rebecca Kilburn;Barbara L. Wolfe=21

3. Preparing for Parenthood:Who's Ready, Who's Not?/Constance T. Gager;Sara S. McLanahan;Dana A. Glei=50

PART II. CHILD-REARING PRACTICES=83

4. Meeting the Challenges of New Parenthood:Responsibilities, Advice, and Perceptions/Allison Sidle Fuligni;Jeanne Brooks-Gunn=83

5. Reading, Rhymes, and Routines:American Parents and Their Young Children/Pia Rebello Britto;Allison Sidle Fuligni;Jeanne Brooks-Gunn=117

6. Child Discipline in the First Three Years of Life/Lawrence S. Wissow=146

7. Breastfeeding in the United States Today:Are Families Prepared?/Wendelin M. Slusser;Linda Lange=178

8. Depressive Symptoms in Parents of Children Under Age 3:Sociodemographic Predictors, Current Correlates, and Associated Parenting Behaviors/Karlen Lyons-Ruth;Rebecca Wolfe;Amy Lyubchik;Ronald Steingard=217

PART III. DELIVERY OF HEALTH SERVICES TO MOTHERS AND CHILDREN=263

9. Prenatal Care, Delivery, and Birth Outcomes/Paul H. Wise=263

10. Access to Health Care for Young Children in the United States/Paul W. Newacheck;Miles Hochstein;Kristen S. Marchi;Neal Halfon=293

11. Anticipatory Guidance:What Information Do Parents Receive? What Information Do They Want?/Mark A. Schuster;Michael Regalado;Naihua Duan;David J. Klein=320

PART IV. FUTURE DIRECTIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS=347

12. New Models of Pediatric Care/Barry Zuckerman;Steven Parker=347

13. Families with Children Under 3:What We Know and Implications for Results and Policy/Neal Halfon;Kathryn Taaffe McLearn=367

Index=413

Tables

2.1. Characteristics Influencing Both Financial and Time Resources=27

2.2. Allocation of Purchased Resources=28

2.3. Child's Health Insurance by Provider and Income Category=31

2.4. Allocation of Time Resources=32

2.5. Psychological Resources=35

2.6. Human Capital Resources=37

2.7. Parents' Use of Government Resources for Child Development=38

2.8. Other Sources of Support for Families with Young Children=39

2.9. Incidence of Risk Factors in Surveyed Families=41

2.10. Number of Risk Factors in Survey Families=42

2.11. Incidence of Risk Factors Relative to Entire Sample=43

3.1. Means and Frequency Distributions for Readiness to Parent Outcome and Predictor Variables=58

3.2. Bivariate Relationships between Parents' Characteristics and Readiness Indicators=63

3.3. Effects of Parents' Characteristics on the Odds of Pregnancy Intention Status=66

3.4. Effects of Parents' Characteristics on the Odds of Parent Education Class Attendance=68

3.5. Effects of Parents' Characteristics on the Odds of Social Support=69

3.6. Effects of Parents' Characteristics on the Odds of Coping with Parenthood=71

3.7. Effects of Parents' Characteristics on Overall Readiness=73

3.8. Effects of Readiness Indicators on Parenting Behaviors=74

3.9. Predicted Likelihood of Being Ready for Parenthood, by Mother's Marital Status and Education Level=76

4.1. Division of Child Care Responsibilities in Two-Parent Families(%)=90

4.2. Logistic Regression Predicting Incidence of Mother as Primary Caregiver=92

4.3. Satisfaction with Time Spent with Child in Two-Parent Families=93

4.4. Linear Regressions Predicting Satisfaction with Time Spent with Child=94

4.5. Satisfaction with Time Spent with Child in Single-Parent Families=95

4.6. Parents Receiving Parenting Information from Hospital=98

4.7. Logistic Regression Predicting Information Given at the Hospital=98

4.8. Top Four Sources of Parenting Advice=100

4.9. Logistic Regression Predicting Information-Seeking from Health Professionals=101

4.10. Use of Media Sources for Parenting Advice=102

4.11. Logistic Regression Predicting Parent Seeking Information from Media Sources=103

4.12. Parents Attending Parenting Classes, by Education and Marital Status(Percentage of parents in each education category)=103

4.13. Logistic Regression Predicting Attending Parenting Class=104

4.14. Linear Regression Predicting Parental Frustration Levels=108

5.1. Frequency of Shared Book Reading=122

5.2. Frequency of Playing with Child=123

5.3. Maintenance of Family Routines=125

5.4. Comparison of Parents Who Read to Their Child Weekly and Daily=127

5.5. Comparison of Parents Who Play with Their Child Daily and Weekly=128

5.6. Comparison of Parents Who Hug or Cuddle Their Child Daily and Weekly=129

5.7. Comparison of Parents Who Do and Do Not Follow Daily Routines=130

5.8. Effects of Parental Depression on Daily Shared Book Reading=131

5.9. Effects of Parental Depression on Daily Playing with Child=132

5.10. Effects of Parental Depression on Following Daily Routines=133

5.11. Effects of Information-Seeking on Shared Book Reading=134

5.12. Effects of Information-Seeking on Daily Shared Book Reading=135

5.13. Effects of Information-Seeking on Daily Playing with Child=136

5.14. Daily Shared Book Reading:Results from Two Studies=141

6.1. Reported Use of Disciplinary Practices by Child Age(%)=156

6.2. Correlates of Spanking by Child Age=157

6.3. Logistic Regression Analysis of Factors Associated with Ever Spanking an Infant=162

6.4. Logistic Regression Analysis of Factors Associated with Ever Spanking a Child Age 12-36 Months=163

6.5. Correlation of Disciplinary Practices and Parent-Child Activities with Parent Reports of Ever Spanking Their Child=165

6.6. Characteristics of Parents and Children in Four Clusters, Defined by Discipline and Parent-Child Interactions=170

7.1. Association between Maternal Characteristics and Health Services Indicators and Infant Feeding Choice for Biological Mothers(%)=190

7.2. Unadjusted Odds of Breastfeeding Initiation Compared with Never Breastfeeding for Biological Mothers=193

7.3. Likelihood of Breastfeeding Initiation Compared with Never Breastfeeding, Controlling for Significant Demographic and Health Services Factors(n＝1178)=195

7.4. Unadjusted Odds of Breastfeeding Duration of Greater than 1 Month, compared with Breastfeeding Duration of Less than 1 Month, for Biological Mothers=196

7.5. Likelihood of Breastfeeding Duration Greater than 1 Month Compared with Breastfeeding Duration of Less than 1 Month, by Demographic and Health Services Factors(n＝661)=198

8.1. Potential Predictors and Correlates of Parental Depressive Symptoms:Bivariate Statistics=228

8.2. Percentage of Parents Endorsing Two or More Depressive Symptoms by Sociodemographic Factors, Prebirth Events, and Current Circumstances=230

8.3. Hierarchical Regression Model of Factors Associated with Mothers' Depression:Sociodemoprahic Factors, Stressful Events, Health, Social Support, and Parenting Confidence=232

8.4. Hierarchical Regression Model of Factors Associated with Fathers' Depression:Sociodemographic Factors, Stressful Events, Health, Social Support, and Parenting Confidence=236

8.5. Parent-Child Interactions Associated with the Level of the Parent's Depressive Symptoms:Bivariate Odds Ratios=242

8.6. Predictors of Less Optimal Parent-Child Interactions:Multivariate Analyses=245

9.1. Prenatal Care Initiation by Health Insurance Coverage=276

9.2. Association of Selected Variables with Late Initiation of Prenatal Care:Unadjusted(Univariate) and Adjusted(Logistic Regression Model) Odds Ratios=278

9.3. Association of Selected Variables with Early Discharge, Readmission, and Not Breastfeeding:Adjusted(Logistic Regression Model) Odds Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals=283

10.1. Usual Source of Care and Site of Care:U.S., 1993-94=300

10.2. Access Indicators for the Usual Source of Care:U.S., 1993-94=302

10.3. Missed Care:U.S., 1993-94=303

10.4. Delayed Care and Inability to Obtain Care Due to Cost:U.S., 1993-94=305

10.5. Average Annual Physician Contacts:U.S., 1993-94=306

10.6. Satisfaction with Usual Provider among Young Children with a Usual Source of Care:U.S., 1996=308

10.7. Need for and Receipt of Information on Early Childhood Development:U.S., 1996=310

10.8. Percentage of Families Reporting Ever Receiving Specific Services and How Useful They Considered Them:U.S., 1996=311

10.9. Difficulties Paying for Care:U.S., 1996=313

11.1. Percentage of Parents Who Had Not Discussed Each Topic, Who Could Use More Information, and Who Were in "Unaddressed Need" Groups=326

11.2. Parents' Mean Percentile Score for Number of Topics They Did Not Discuss and for Number of "Unaddressed Need" Groups They Are In=327

11.3. Receipt of Services and Usefulness of Services=333

11.4. Ratings of Clinicians among Parents Whose Child Usually Sees the Same Health Professional=334

11.5. Percentage of Parents Who Gave at Least One Nonexcellent Rating and Percentage Willing to Pay an Extra $10 per Month for Anticipatory Guidance Discussions and Special Services=335

Figures

2.1. Incidence of Additional Risk Factors, Given One Risk Factor by Race／Ethnicity=42

4.1. Which person are you most comfortable talking with about how to raise your children?=99

4.2. In general, how well do you feel you are coping with the demands of parenthood?=105

4.3. In a typical day, how many times would you say you feel frustrated or aggravated with your child's behavior or that he／she gets on your nerves?=106

6.1. Child Discipline and Parent-Child Interactions in Clusters=168

8.1. Prevalence of Depression among Mothers and Fathers in Three Types of American Families=227

8.2. When the Child Is Not Firstborn:Prevalence of Depression among Mothers by Family Profile=234

8.3. Percentage of Parents Who Feel Aggravated with Their Young Children Two or More Times a Day By Parental Depressive Symptoms=244

8.4. Percentage of Parents Who Are Low on Two or More Types of Positive Interaction by Parental Depressive Symptoms=247

9.1. Month of Prenatal Care Initiation by Household Income=275

9.2. Maternal Hospital Stay for Vaginal and Cesarean Section Deliveries=282

9.3. Parents Reporting That Their Newborn Spent Too Little Time in the Hospital=285

13.1. Influence of Risk Reduction and Health Promotion Strategies on Health Development=375

13.2 Strategies to Improve School Readiness Trajectories=402

13.3 Readiness to Learn Trajectory:Service Sectors and Programs That Influence School Readiness=403

13.4. Service Organization for Early Child Development and Parenting=405