영문목차

About the Authors=xxxiii

Acknowledgments=xxxvii

Introduction=xxxix

Part Ⅰ. Artists and Rights=1

Chapter 1. Copyrights, Trademarks, and Moral Rights/William M. Hart;Jenifer de Wolf Paine=3

1.01. Introduction=7

1.02. Copyright=8

［A］ Overview=8

［B］ Copyrightability=9

［1］ Fixation=10

［2］ Originality=11

［3］ Copyright Law Protects Expression, Not Ideas=12

Illustrative Example:Photography=12

［C］ Ownership=13

［1］ Works For Hire=14

［a］ Works For Hire Under the 1976 Act=14

Application:CCNV v. Reid=15

［b］ Work For Hire Under the 1909 Act=17

Application:The Playboy／Nagel Case=17

［2］ Joint Authorship and Its Ramifications=18

［D］ Transfers and Assignments of Copyright；Right of Physical Possession versus Copyright=20

［E］ Licensing Copyright Rights=22

［F］ Formalities=23

［1］ Registration=23

［2］ Copyright Notice=24

Practical Application of Notice Requirements=25

［3］ Publication=26

［a］ Generally=26

［b］ Publication Under the 1909 Act=26

［c］ Practical Application of the 1909 Act=28

［G］ Duration=28

［1］ Duration Under the Current Act(The 1976 Act)=29

［2］ Duration Under the 1909 Act=29

［a］ Works Created But Not Published or Registered Before January 1, 1978=29

［b］ Works Created Before January 1, 1978, and Either Published or Registered Before January 1, 1978=29

［3］ Foreign Works=30

［4］ Determining the Copyright Status of a Particular Work=31

［H］ Infringement=31

［1］ Generally=31

［2］ Derivative Liability and New Technologies=33

Principles of Vicarious and Contributory Liability=35

［I］ Fair Use=35

［J］ De Minimis Cases=38

1.03. Trademarks and Analogous Rights=39

［A］ Introduction=39

［1］ What Constitutes a Trademark?=40

［2］ How Trademark Rights Develop=41

［3］ Protection Afforded=41

［B］ Internet Uses=43

［C］ Trademarks as Applied to the Art World=43

［1］ "Style" as a Protectible Trademark=44

［2］ Characters=45

［3］ Right of Publicity；Sound-Alikes and Imitations=46

［4］ Lanham Act Claims in Lieu of Copyright Claims=46

［5］ Parody and Satire=47

［6］ Titles=49

［D］ Licensing=49

［1］ Quality Control=50

［2］ Other License Provisions=51

1.04. Moral Rights=51

［A］ Introduction=51

［B］ What Are Moral Rights?=52

［C］ Moral Rights in the United States=53

［1］ Berne Convention=53

［2］ Other Methods of Creating Moral Rights under U.S. Law=53

［a］ Reverse Passing Off=54

［b］ Attribution of Authorship to Altered Version of Work=55

［3］ Visual Artists Rights Act=57

［4］ State Laws=58

［5］ Emerging Technologies and Moral Rights=61

Forms and Appendices=61

Form 1-1:Work-for-Hire Agreement(With Backup Assignment Language)=63

Form 1-2:Short Form Assignment-Assignor's Form=64

Form 1-3:Long Form Assignment-Assignee's Form=65

Form 1-4:Simple Non-Exclusive Copyright License=66

Form 1-5:Sample Letter-Permission for Image in a Book-Narrow Grant=68

Form 1-6:Permission Request Form-Broad Grant=69

Form 1-7:Contract for Use of Art as Set Dressing in a Movie=70

Form 1-8:Stock Agency License=72

Form 1-9:Notice of Intent to Enforce a Restored Copyright=75

Form 1-10:Trademark License Agreement=77

Appendix 1-A:United States Copyright Office Circular 40-Copyright Registration for Works of the Visual Arts=83

Appendix 1-B:United States Copyright Office Circular 40a-Deposit Requirements for Registration of Claims to Copyright in Visual Arts Material=89

Appendix 1-C:Application Form VA=93

Appendix 1-D:Instructions and Short Form VA=97

Appendix 1-E:Selections from 1976 Copyright Law Act as Amended=99

Chapter 2. Intellectual Property Protection for Useful Articles/Peter Canelias=111

2.01. Introduction=113

2.02. Copyright Protection for Useful Articles=113

［A］ Definition of "Useful Article=113

［B］ Separability of Design=114

2.03. Design Patents=117

［A］ Contrast with Copyright Protection=118

［B］ Doctrine of Election=118

2.04. Patentable Designs=120

［A］ Inseparability of Design and Object=120

［B］ Computer-Generated Images=121

2.05. Requirements for Patentability=122

［A］ Novelty=122

［1］ Section 102(a)-Restriction on Old Design=123

［2］ Section 102(b)-Grace Period=123

［3］ Section 102(c)-Invention Abandonment=124

［4］ Section 102(d)-Foreign Patents=124

［5］ Section 102(e)-Patent Already Issued=124

［6］ Section 102(f)-Derivation Restriction=125

［7］ Section 102(g)-Priority Requirements=125

［B］ Non-Obviousness=125

［1］ Scope and Content of the Prior Art=126

［2］ Differences Between the Prior Art and the Claims=127

［3］ The Level of Ordinary Skill in the Art=127

［4］ Objective Evidence of Non-Obviousness=128

［C］ Ornamentality=128

［1］ Contrast With Function=128

［2］ Article of Manufacture=129

2.06. Elements of a Design Patent Application=130

［A］ Figure Descriptions=132

［B］ Single Claim=132

［C］ Drawings and Photographs=132

［1］ The Views=133

［2］ Surface Shading=133

［3］ Broken Lines=133

［4］ Photographs=134

［D］ Oath or Declaration=134

［E］ Sample Specification=134

2.07. The Design Patent Application Process=135

［A］ Examination of the Application=135

［B］ Responding to an Office Action=136

2.08. Infringement=137

［A］ The Ordinary Observer Test=137

［B］ The Point of Novelty Test=138

2.09. Remedies for Infringement=139

［A］ Damages=139

［1］ General Damages=139

［2］ Special Damages for Design Patent Infringement=139

［B］ Injunctive Relief=139

［C］ Treble Damages and Attorney Fees=140

Forms and Appendices=141

Form 2-1:Design Patent Application Transmittal=143

Form 2-2:Declaration for Utility or Design Patent Application=144

Form 2-3:Statement Claiming Small Entity Status-Small Business Concern=146

Form 2-4:Statement Claiming Small Entity Status-Independent Investor=147

Form 2-5:Statement Claiming Small Entity Status-Nonprofit Organization=148

Appendix 2-A:35 U.S.C. §§ 171-173=149

Appendix 2-B:RSmall u, umlaut markffer Patent=150

Appendix 2-C:Lagomarsino Patent=158

Appendix 2-D:Shaffer Patent=161

Appendix 2-E:Brown Patent=163

Appendix 2-F:Matsuda Patent=165

Appendix 2-G:Wendling Patent=167

Appendix 2-H:Slimbach Patent=169

Chapter 3. The First Amendment and Related Issues/Matthew A. McMurphy;Laura Lee Stapleton=171

3.01. Introduction=173

3.02. Is Art Protected Speech under the First Amendment?=174

［A］ First Circuit:Art Is Not Entitled to Full First Amendment Protection=175

［B］ The Modern Trend:Art Fully Protected as Speech=176

3.03. Art in Public Spaces=178

［A］ The Public Forum Doctrine=179

［B］ Application of the Public Forum Doctrine to Visual Speech=180

［1］ Private Works on Government Property=180

［2］ "Offensive" Art=184

［3］ Art with a Clearly Political Message=187

［C］ Quasi-Governmental Property=189

3.04. Limitations on First Amendment Protection for Artwork=194

［A］ Obscenity=195

［B］ Government as Speaker=196

［C］ Captive Audience=198

［1］ Close v. Lederle=199

［2］ Cohen v. California=199

［3］ Piarowski v. Illinois Community College District 515=200

［4］ Claudio v. United States=201

［D］ Defamatory Speech=202

［E］ False Light=205

3.05. Government Interference with Artwork Displayed on Private Property=207

3.06. Government Subsidies for Art and the First Amendment=209

3.07. Rights of Publicity and Privacy=214

［A］ Relevance of the Rights of Publicity and Privacy to the Art World=214

［B］ Prosser's Four Torts of Privacy=215

［C］ The Right of Publicity=216

［D］ The Right of Publicity Defined=220

［E］ The Elements of a Right-of-Publicity Claim=220

［1］ Summary=220

［2］ Validity=221

［3］ Infringement=222

［a］ Use of Identity or Persona in Identifiable Way=222

［b］ Commercial Value of Identity or Persona=224

［F］ Defenses to the Right-of-Publicity Claim=225

［1］ Consent=225

［2］ First Amendment Defense=225

［a］ Freedom of Speech and of the Press=225

［b］ Parody=231

［G］ Limited Art Sales=234

［H］ Post-Mortem Rights of Publicity and Privacy=237

Forms and Appendices=239

Form 3-1:Model Adult Release Form-Professional=241

Form 3-2:Model Adult Release Form-Non-Professional=242

Form 3-3:Model Minor Release Form-Extended Version=243

Firm 3-4:Model Minor Release Form-Simpler Version=244

Form 3-5:Property Release=245

Appendix 3-A:Sources of Law for Right of Publicity=246

Chapter 4. Introduction to New Media and Art/Benjamin Strouse=251

4.01. New Media and Art=253

［A］ Underpinnings of New Media=253

［1］ Digital Technology=253

［2］ The Internet=255

［B］ Art and the Web=257

［1］ Benefit to Artists=258

［2］ Art Sales Online=258

［3］ Art Exhibitions and Museums on the Internet=259

［4］ Web Art=260

4.02. The Evolution of Art Laws=262

［A］ Basic Legal Principles=262

［1］ Copyright=262

［2］ Trademark=264

［B］ Art Law and Technology=265

［1］ New Challenges=266

［a］ Copying=266

［b］ Identity=267

［2］ Evolving Conduct=269

［a］ Fair Use=269

［b］ Linking, Framing, and Identity=271

Appendices=273

Appendix 4-A:Online Art Exhibitions and Museums=275

Appendix 4-B:Web Art Sites=276

Appendix 4-C:Auction and Gallery Web Sites=277

Appendix 4-D:Online Art News and Resources=278

Part Ⅱ. The Business of Art=279

Chapter 5. Stolen Art/Jonathan Bloom=281

5.01. Overview=283

5.02. Statutes of Limitations and Laches=286

［A］ Statutes of Limitations=286

［1］ New York-The Demand and Refusal Rule and Laches=287

［a］ Origins:Menzel v. List=287

［b］ Menzel Refined:Kunstsammlungen Zu Weimar v. Elicofon=290

［c］ Current Formulation:Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation v. Lubell=291

［d］ New York Laches in Action:The Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem v. Christie's, Inc.=297

［2］ The Discovery Rule=299

［a］ The Discovery Rule Articulated:O'Keefe v. Snyder=299

［b］ The Discovery Rule Applied:Autocephalous Greek-Orthodox Church of Cyprus v. Goldberg & Feldman Fine Arts, Inc.=302

［c］ The Discovery Rule as Equitable Truth:Erisoty v. Rizik=304

［3］ Summary=305

5.03. The Role of Bona Fide Purchaser Status=309

［A］ Implications of Bona Fide Purchaser Status=309

［B］ Who Is a Bona Fide Purchaser?=312

5.04. Choice of Law=315

［A］ Importance of Choice-of-Law Determination=315

［B］ Lex Loci=316

［C］ Most Significant Contacts Test=317

5.05. World War Ⅱ Art Claims=319

Forms and Appendices=329

Form 5-1. Stolen Art Data Sheet, National Stolen Art File=331

Form 5-2. Wartime Losses Report Form, Art Loss Register, Inc.=333

Appendix 5-A:Object ID Checklist=337

Appendix 5-B:Object ID Summary=339

Appendix 5-C:Registration of Stolen Objects Form, Art Loss Register, Inc.=346

Appendix 5-D:National Stolen Art File(FBI) Summary=350

Appendix 5-E:ICOM Code of Professional Ethics=352

Appendix 5-F:Holocaust Claims Processing Office Art Claim-Information and Form=366

Appendix 5-G:Commission for Art Recovery of the World Jewish Congress-Information and Form=375

Appendix 5-H:Report of the AAMD Task Force on the Spoliation of Art during the Nazi／World War Ⅱ Era(1933-1945)=385

Chapter 6. Cultural Property/Rena Moulopoulos=389

6.01. The International Movement of Cultural Property=391

6.02. Cultural Property:A Working Definition=391

［A］ Types of Cultural Property:Antiquities and Objects of Artistic Importance=391

［B］ U.S. Definitions of Cultural Property=392

［C］ A Practical Approach to Defining Cultural Property=393

6.03. The Treatment of Cultural Property Under U.S. Law=394

［A］ U.S. "Policy" on Cultural Property=394

［B］ U.S. Import Restrictions=396

［1］ The Convention on Cultural Property Implementation Act=397

［a］ The Cultural Property Advisory Committee=398

［b］ Bilateral or Multilateral Agreements=399

［c］ Emergency Restrictions=400

［d］ Inventory Stolen from Museums=401

［2］ The Pre-Columbian Monumental Law=405

［3］ U.S. Customs Powers to Seize Illegally Imported Goods=405

［a］ Entry of Goods by Means of False Statement in Violation of 18 U.S.C. § 542=406

［b］ Smuggling Goods Into the United States in Violation of 18 U.S.C. § 545=407

［c］ Forfeiture Provisions=407

［4］ National Stolen Property Act, 18 U.S.C. §§ 2314-15=410

［a］ United States v. McClain=412

［b］ United States of America vs. An Antique Platter of Gold(Phiale)=413

［c］ The NSPA and Cultural Property Policy=414

6.04. International Laws and Treaties=415

［A］ Treaties=415

［1］ UNIDROIT=415

［2］ UNESCO=418

［3］ Alternatives to Treaties=419

［B］ The European Union=421

［1］ Treaty of Rome=421

［2］ European Union Laws Regarding Movement of Cultural Property=422

6.05. Limitations Imposed on the Export of Cultural Property=424

［A］ Unrestrictive Export Control Laws:Singapore；Switzerland；United States=424

［B］ Moderately Restrictive Export Control Laws:Japan；Venezuela；United Kingdom=426

［C］ Restrictive Export Control Laws:India；Egypt；Guatemala=429

Forms=433

Form 6-1:EU Cultural Goods Export Application=435

Form 6-2:Export Declaration Form=441

Chapter 7. International Transactions in the Art Market/Van Kirk Reeves=447

7.01. Introduction=451

7.02. Principal Types of International Transactions=451

［A］ Buying and Selling=451

［1］ Right to Inspect the Work=453

［2］ Right to Return for Cash or to Exchange the Work=453

［3］ Payment by Installments=453

［4］ Guarantees=454

［a］ Guarantee of Title=454

［b］ Guarantee of Authenticity=457

［c］ Guarantee of Condition=458

［5］ Remedies=458

［a］ Rescission=458

［b］ Damages=459

［c］ Loss of Economic Opportunity=459

［6］ Choice of Forum for Litigation=459

［B］ Consignments and Loans=460

［C］ Gifts, Legacies, and Inheritances=461

［1］ Taxation=461

［2］ Interdiction of Transfers=462

7.03. Issues Relating to Title=463

［A］ Claims of Previous Owners and Part Owners=463

［1］ Theft=463

［2］ Fraudulent Conveyance=464

［3］ Claims of Previous Owners=464

［4］ Claims of Owners of a Partial Interest in a Work=465

［B］ Other Liens=465

［1］ Liens of State=465

［2］ Liens of Private Parties=465

［3］ Violation of Export Rules=466

［a］ General Rules=466

［b］ Violation as Criminal Act in Another Jurisdiction=467

［c］ Reduction in Market Value=467

［4］ Violation of Import Rules=467

［5］ State Property=468

［6］ Particular Rules for Antiquities=468

［C］ Rights of the Artist and His Heirs=469

［1］ Economic Rights=470

［a］ Reproduction Rights=470

［b］ Participation in Future Sales of Works(Droit de Suite)=470

［2］ Moral Rights=470

［a］ The Right to Create=471

［b］ The Right to Disclosure and Completeness=471

［c］ The Right to Withdraw=471

［d］ The Right of Paternity=472

［e］ The Right of Integrity=472

7.04. Authenticity=472

［A］ Various Issues Involving Authenticity=472

［1］ Authenticity in the Marketplace=473

［2］ Judicially Determined Authenticity=474

［a］ Common Law=474

［b］ Civil Law=474

［c］ Liability of Experts=474

［B］ Provenance=474

［C］ Defenses of Good Faith and Due Diligence=475

7.05. Warranties=475

［A］ Warranty as to Title=475

［B］ Warranty as to Authenticity=476

［C］ Warranty as a Matter of Law=476

7.06. Transfer of Title=476

［A］ Effects of Transfer=476

［B］ Reversion of Title=477

［C］ Restitution=477

7.07. Actions Against Sellers=477

［A］ Fraud=478

［B］ Failure of Consideration and Inadequate Consideration=478

［C］ Unconscionable Transactions=478

7.08. Valuation=479

7.09. Statutes of Limitation for Claims=479

［A］ Generally=479

［B］ Holocaust and Crimes Against Humanity Exceptions=480

7.10. Escrow Arrangements；Access to Works Prior to Sale=480

7.11. Auctions=481

［A］ Auction Houses and Commissaires-Priseurs=481

［B］ Reserve Price=482

［C］ Right to be a Principal=482

［D］ Liability for Statements in Catalogues=483

［E］ Online Auctions=483

7.12. Taxation=483

［A］ On Transfer=483

［1］ Ordinary Income=483

［2］ Capital Gains=484

［3］ Value-Added Tax=484

［4］ Gift and Inheritance Taxes=484

［B］ On Entry Into or Departure From a Country=485

［C］ Wealth Tax=485

Forms and Appendices=487

Form 7-1:Purchase Agreement=489

Form 7-2:Bill of Sale=494

Form 7-3:Quitclaim Bill of Sale=495

Form 7-4:Escrow Agreement=496

Appendix 7-A:CoPAT Codes of Due Diligence=501

Chapter 8. Artist-Dealer Relations/Steven Johnson=505

8.01. Introduction=507

8.02. Consignment Statutes=507

［A］ New York=508

［B］ California=510

［C］ Illinois=511

［D］ Florida=512

8.03. Common Law Claims=513

［A］ Agency=514

［B］ Fiduciary Duty=514

8.04. Artist-Dealer Contracts=515

［A］ Oral Agreements=515

［B］ Written Agreements=516

［1］ Drafting Artist-Dealer Contracts=516

［2］ Terms=517

Forms and Appendices=523

Form 8-1:Template Artist-Gallery Agreement(Artist Form)=525

Form 8-2:Template Artist-Dealer Agreement(Gallery Form)=537

Form 8-3:Letter Agreement for Co-Production of Exhibit Between Two Commercial Galleries=540

Form 8-4:Independent Sales Representative Agreement for Art Gallery=543

Form 8-5:Private Commissioned Artwork Agreement=546

Form 8-6:Complaint for Artist-Dealer Dispute=550

Form 8-7:Artist-Agent Agreement=566

Form 8-8:Public Buildings Service Contract for Fine Arts Services=570

Appendix 8-A:New York Consignment Statute=574

Appendix 8-B:California Consignment Statute=578

Appendix 8-C:Illinois Consignment Statute=582

Appendix 8-D:Florida Consignment Statute=586

Appendix 8-E:Annotated Agreement for Commission of Public ART=588

Chapter9. E-Commerce/Benjamin Strouse=623

9.01. The Art Site=625

［A］ Creating an Art Site=625

［1］ Development and Ownership=626

［a］ Transferring, Licensing, and Retaining Ownership=626

［b］ Sharing Ownership=631

［2］ Administration and Operations=633

［a］ Copyright Notice and Privacy Policy=633

［b］ Linking and Framing=634

［B］ Art Exhibitions and Museums Online=636

［1］ Releases and Clearances of Rights=637

［2］ Protecting and Sharing Electronic Assets=638

9.02. Selling Art on the Internet=640

［A］ E-Commerce and Art=641

［1］ Click-Through Agreements=641

［2］ Foreign Jurisdictions=642

［B］ Art Auctions on the Internet=644

［1］ Describing the Auction Process=644

［2］ Compliance=645

［C］ Web Art=646

［1］ Assuring Ownership=647

［2］ Transferring Works=648

Forms and Appendices=651

REGISTRATION AGREEMENTS

Appendix 9-A:Domain Name Registration Agreement(Network Solutions)=653

Appendix 9-B:Domain Name Dispute Policies(Network Solutions)=662

HOSTING AGREEMENTS

Form 9-1:Standard Web Site Hosting Online Agreement(Pro-ISP)=668

Form 9-2:Web Site Hosting Agreement=671

WEB SITE COPY

Form 9-3:Online Copyright Protection Terms=682

Form 9-4:Copyright Protection Terms(Permitting Noncommercial Sharing of Assets)=683

Form 9-5:Copyright Protection Terms(As a Condition of Access)=684

Form 9-6:Museum Web Site Terms of Use=685

Form 9-7:Terms of Use of Online Images=688

Form 9-8:Privacy Policy=690

Form 9-9:Commercial Web Site Terms of Use(E-Commerce Site)=692

Form 9-10:Web Site Terms of Use(Commercial Services Site)=697

Form 9-11:Net.Art Web Site Terms of Use=708

WEB SITE DEVELOPMENT AND OWNERSHIP AGREEMENTS

Appendix 9-C:Negotiation Guidelines for Art Site Development(Favorableto Client)=710

Form 9-12:Proof-of-Concept Web Site Development Agreement=717

Form 9-13:Web Site Co-Ownership Agreement(Multiple Parties, Short Form)=734

Form 9-14:Museum Web Site Development Agreement(Pro-Museum)=737

Form 9-15:Commercial Web Site Development Agreement=746

Form 9-16:Commercial Web Site Development Agreement(Ongoing or Multiple Projects)=756

Form 9-17:Development Agreement for Web Site Technology(IP-Management Software)=769

Form 9-18:Short-Form Waiver and Release for Commercial Use of Images Online=778

ADMINISTRATION AND OPERATION AGREEMENTS

Form 9-19:E-Commerce Linking Agreement=779

Form 9-20:E-Commerce Linking Agreement(Short Form)=788

Form 9-21:Art Consortium Membership Agreement=790

Form 9-22:Auction Rules and Web Site Terms of Use Policies=798

Form 9-23:Auction Participation Agreement=802

Form 9-24:Online Gallery Co-Marketing Agreement=809

Form 9-25:Net.Art Download Agreement=820

Form 9-26:Net.Art Hosting and Sales Agreement=823

Form 9-27:Art E-Newsletter Subscription Agreement=825

Chapter10. Authentication and Appraisal of Artwork/Steven Mark Levy=829

10.01. Introduction=833

10.02. Authentication=833

［A］ General Considerations=a=833

［1］ Authentication Defined=833

［a］ Compare:Provenance=833

［b］ Compare:Appraisal=834

［c］ Compare:Commentary=835

［2］ Why Authenticity Matters=835

［B］ Seller's Representations of Authenticity=836

［1］ Uniform Commercial Code=836

［2］ State Statutes Governing Dealer Representations=838

［3］ Disclaimers=839

［4］ Consumer Statutes=840

［C］ The Authentication Expert=841

［1］ Licensing and Regulation=841

［2］ Qualifications=841

［3］ Authority Under Droit Moral=843

［4］ Authentication Committees=845

［5］ Conflict of Interest=845

［6］ "Monopoly" Power=846

［7］ Selecting an Authentication Expert=847

［D］ The Authentication Process=847

［1］ Checklist of Common Techniques=847

［2］ Reliance on Photographs=848

［3］ Risks of Entrusting Artwork to the Expert=849

［E］ The Catalogue Raisonne=850

［F］ Effect of a Judicial Authenticity Ruling=852

10.03. Appraisal=853

［A］ General Considerations=853

［1］ "Appraisal" Defined=853

［2］ Purpose of Appraising Artwork=853

［3］ Special Difficulties in Appraising Artwork=854

［4］ Judicial Discretion on Questions of Value=854

［B］ The Appraisal Expert=855

［1］ Licensing and Regulation=855

［2］ Qualifications and Objectivity=856

［3］ Selecting an Appraiser=857

［4］ The Appraisal Agreement=859

［C］ Basic Appraisal Methods=859

［1］ Market Comparison Approach=859

［2］ Cost Approach=859

［3］ Income Approach=860

［4］ Intuitive Approach=860

［D］ Authenticity or Title in Doubt=861

［1］ Appraiser's Duty to Consider=861

［2］ Compare:Insurance Appraisal Clause=862

［E］ The Appraiser's Report=862

［F］ Online Appraisals=863

［G］ Valuation for IRS Purposes=864

［1］ Qualified Appraisal=864

［2］ Qualified Appraiser=866

［H］ Determining "Recognized Stature" under the Visual Artists Rights Act(VARA)=866

10.04. Liability of the Authenticator or Appraiser=868

［A］ Personal Jurisdiction=868

［B］ Theories of Liability=870

［1］ Professional Malpractice=870

［2］ Breach of Contract=871

［3］ Breach of Express or Implied Warranty=871

［4］ Breach of Fiduciary Duty=871

［5］ Fraud=872

［6］ Negligent Misrepresentation=874

［7］ Violation of Consumer Statutes=874

［8］ Defamation and Product Disparagement=874

［9］ Lanham Act=876

［C］ Affirmative Defenses=877

［1］ Contributory or Comparative Negligence=877

［2］ No Standing to Sue=877

［3］ Failure to Mitigate Damages=878

［4］ Assumption of Risk=878

［5］ Privilege=878

［6］ Exculpatory Release=879

［7］ Moral Rights=879

［8］ Opinion Conforming to Prevailing View=880

［9］ Statute of Limitations=880

［10］ Laches=881

［D］ Criminal Liability=881

Forms and Appendices=883

Form 10-1. Standard Consultation Agreement-International Foundation for Art Research(IFAR)=885

Form 10-2. Release, Waiver and Indemnity Agreement-Mary Cassatt Catalogue Raisonne Committee=888

Form 10-3. Sample Catalogue Raisonne Disclaimers=891

Form 10-4. Standard Appraisal Agreement-Sotheby's=892

Appendix 10-A. Guide to the California Fine Art Multiples Act=894

Chapter 11. Auction Law/Jonathan A. Olsoff=899

11.01. The Law of Auctions=901

［A］ Introduction=901

［B］ The New York City Auction Regulations=901

［1］ The Requirement of a Written Consignment Agreement=901

［2］ Required Disclosures by Auction Houses=902

［a］ Guarantees=902

［b］ Bidding by Consignors=902

［c］ Loans and Advances=903

［d］ Reserves=903

11.02. The Consignment Agreement=904

［A］ The Legal Relationship between the Consignor and the Auction House=904

［1］ Cristallina S.A. v. Christie, Manson & Woods, International, Inc.=905

［2］ Greenwood v. Koven=908

［a］ The Facts in Greenwood=909

［b］ The Contractual Provisions at Issue=910

［c］ The Decision in Greenwood=910

［B］ The Conduct of the Auction=913

［C］ The Consignor's Representations and Warranties=914

［D］ When the Purchaser Fails to Pay=918

11.03. The Purchaser at Auction=920

［A］ The Legal Relationship=920

［B］ The Bidding Process=920

［C］ The Purchaser's Obligation to Pay=921

［1］ Defects in Condition=922

［2］ Disputes Over Authenticity=924

［a］ Disclaimers Relating to Authenticity=924

［b］ The Time Frame within which Authenticity Claims Must Be Made=926

Forms and Appendices=931

Form 11-1. Conditions of Sale and Limited Warranty-Christie's=933

Form 11-2. Conditions of Sale and Terms of Guarantee-Sotheby's=938

Appendix 11-A. Standard Consignment Agreement-Sotheby's=943

Appendix 11-B. Standard Consignment Agreement-Christie's=947

Appendix 11-C. Selected New York City Auction Regulations=949

Chapter 12. Conservation and Restoration of Artwork/Steven Mark Levy=959

12.01. Introduction=961

12.02. General Considerations=961

［A］ Conservation and Restoration Defined=961

［B］ The Controversy Over Art Restorations=962

12.03. The Conservation Professional=963

［A］ Licensing and Regulation=963

［B］ Qualifications=963

［C］ Selecting a Conservator-Restorer=964

12.04. Contracts and Fees=964

［A］ Contractual Terms:A Checklist=965

［B］ Exculpatory Clauses=968

［C］ Fees=969

［1］ Ethical Considerations=969

［2］ Without a Formal Agreement=969

12.05. The Restoration Process=970

［A］ Preliminary Condition Report and Treatment Proposal=970

［B］ Treatment Steps=970

［C］ Final Report on Treatment=971

［D］ Owner's Duties=971

［E］ Trade Secrets Protection=972

［F］ Are Restorations Copyrightable?=972

12.06. Selected Laws Affecting Conservation Practice=973

［A］ Occupational Safety and Health Regulation=973

［B］ Excavated Objects and Human Remains=974

［C］ Endangered Species=975

［D］ Stolen Property=976

12.07. Restorations and Market Value=976

［A］ Improper Restorations=976

［B］ Proper Restorations=977

12.08. Liability of the Conservation Professional=978

［A］ Who Can Sue?=978

［1］ The Owner and Third-Party Beneficiaries=978

［2］ The Artist=978

［3］ Can the General Public Sue?=979

［4］ Do Artworks Have Rights?=979

［B］ Professional Malpractice=980

［C］ Breach of Contract=981

［D］ Implied Warranties=981

12.09. Defamation=982

［A］ Libel and Slander Defined=982

［B］ The Goldreyer Case=983

［C］ The Beck Case=984

Forms and Appendices=985

Form 12-1. Agreement for Conservation Services=987

Appendix 12-A. Code of Ethics and Guidelines for Practice-American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works(AIC)=992

Appendix 12-B. Directory of Regional Conservation Centers=1000

Part Ⅲ. Death and Taxes=1003

Chapter 13. Federal Income Tax Consequences of Creating, Owning, Selling, and Donating Works of Art/Richard E. Halperin=1005

13.01. Introduction=1007

13.02. The Business of Being an Artist=1007

［A］ Limitation on Losses Incurred by Persons with Insufficient Profit Motive:The Hobby Loss Rules=1007

［B］ Current Deduction of Expenses of Artists=1013

［1］ Special Statutory Rule for Writers, Photographers, and Artists=1014

［2］ IRS Safe-Harbor Rule=1015

13.03. The Tax Consequences of Owning and Selling Works of Art=1017

［A］ Artists=1017

［B］ Dealers=1018

［C］ Investors=1019

［D］ Collectors=1021

13.04. Charitable Contribution of Artworks by Artists, Dealers, and Collectors=1021

［A］ Non-Long-Term Capital Gain Property=1022

［B］ Appraisal Procedures=1024

Forms and Appendices=1027

Form 13-1. Charitable Gift Agreement Form=1029

Form 13-2. Brandeis University(Rose Art Museum) Gift Agreeement=1031

Chapter 14. Trusts and Estates/Erik J. Stapper=1033

14.01. Introduction=1035

14.02. The Artist's Estate=1035

［A］ Probate Procedure=1036

［B］ Validity of a Will=1037

［1］ Mental Capacity=1038

［2］ Undue Influence=1039

［3］ Disputed Domicile=1039

［4］ Ancillary Probate=1040

［5］ Safekeeping of the Will=1040

［6］ Codicil=1041

［C］ Administration of the Estate=1041

［1］ Naming the Executor=1041

［2］ Conflict of Interest=1042

［3］ Selection of Spouse, Nonmarital Partner, or Close Friend=1043

［4］ Selection of Other Family Members=1043

［5］ Selection of Attorney as Fiduciary=1043

［6］ Selection of Other Professional Advisers=1044

［D］ The Probate Estate=1045

［E］ Trusts as Will Substitutes=1045

14.03. Transfer Taxes=1046

［A］ IRS Code Sections=1046

［B］ Relationship Between Gift and Estate Taxes=1048

［1］ Gifts Within Three Years of Death=1049

［2］ Gift Tax Statute of Limitations=1049

［C］ Transfer Tax Calculation=1050

［1］ Unified Credit=1050

［2］ State Death Tax Credit=1051

［a］ Other State Death Taxes=1051

［b］ State Gift Taxes=1052

［3］ Credit for Tax on Prior Transfers=1052

［4］ Foreign Death Tax Credit=1052

［D］ Generation-Skipping Transfer Tax=1053

［E］ Special Valuation Rules=1054

［1］ Qualified Personal Residence Trust=1054

［2］ Qualified Charitable Trusts=1055

［3］ Other Estate Freeze Techniques=1055

［4］ Life Insurance Trusts=1056

［F］ Relationship Between Transfer Taxes and Income Tax=1057

［1］ Adjustments to Income Tax Basis=1057

［2］ Income Tax Character of a Transferred Asset=1058

［3］ Income Tax Holding Period and Capital Gains Tax Rate=1058

［4］ Fiduciary Income Tax=1059

［a］ Election for Administration Expenses=1059

［b］ Election for Medical Expenses=1060

［5］ Income in Respect of a Decedent=1060

14.04. Tax Planning=1061

［A］ Equalizing Estates of Married Artists=1061

［1］ Transfers to Noncitizen Spouse=1061

［2］ Credit Shelter Trust=1061

［B］ Disclaimers=1062

［C］ Valuation=1062

［1］ Valuing an Art Collection=1063

［a］ Need for Appraisal and Penalties=1063

［b］ Valuation Standard=1063

［c］ Contents of Appraisal=1064

［d］ Commissioner's Art Advisory Panel=1065

［2］ Valuing an Artist's Own Work=1068

［D］ Charitable Deduction=1071

［E］ Estate Tax Deferral for Business Assets=1073

［F］ Exclusion for Family-Owned Business=1073

Forms and Appendices=1077

Form 14-1. Probate Petition-New York County=1079

Form 14-2. New York Statutory Disclosure Agreement=1085

Form 14-3. Form Will for Unmarried Artist=1088

Appendix 14-A. Treasury Regulation § 20.2031-6=1097

Appendix 14-B. Revenue Procedure 65-19=1099

Appendix 14-C. Revenue Procedure 96-15=1101

Chapter 15. Structures for Holding and Transferring of Copyrights/Richard E. Halperin=1111

15.01. Introduction=1113

15.02. Structural and Copyright Law Considerations=1114

［A］ Initial Ownership=1114

［B］ Transfer and Fragmentation of Copyright Ownership=1115

［1］ Transfer of Copyright Ownership=1115

［2］ Risks of Fragmented Copyright Ownership=1115

［3］ Using Entities or Trusts to Prevent Fragmentation=1116

［4］ Termination of Transfers=1116

［C］ Ownership of Copyrights by an Entity or Trust=1117

［1］ Assignment of Copyrights=1117

［a］ Tax Treatment of Copyrights Assigned to Entities=1117

［b］ Royalties Taxable to Transferee=1117

［2］ Works Made for Hire=1118

［a］ No Termination Rights in Works Made for Hire=1118

［b］ Income Tax Effects of Works Made for Hire=1119

［3］ Income Taxes on Sale or Exchange of Interests in an Entity=1119

［4］ Gift and Estate Tax Considerations=1120

［a］ Tax Benefits of Spreading Minority Interests=1120

［b］ Minority Discounts and the Family-Owned Entity=1121

［c］ Control Premiums=1123

［5］ Trusts as an Alternative to Entities=1123

［a］ Fractional Interest Discount=1123

［b］ Donor's Control Must Be Limited=1124

［c］ The Gift Tax Exclusion and Future Interests in Property=1124

［d］ Inter Vivos Transfer to Trust Is Generally Disadvantageous=1125

15.03. Structural and Income Tax Considerations=1125

［A］ Basis Step-Up on Death=1125

［1］ Corporate Ownership Prevents Basis Step-Up=1125

［2］ Consequences of Basis Step-Up=1126

［a］ Depreciation of Copyrights=1126

［b］ Gain on Sale or Other Disposition of Copyrights=1128

［3］ Loss of Compensation Deduction by C Corporation=1129

［B］ Foreign Royalty Income=1129

［1］ International Royalties and Tax Withholding=1130

［2］ Tax Credits for Foreign Taxes Paid=1131

［a］ Appropriate Vehicles When a Foreign Tax Credit Is Taken=1132

［b］ Residency Usually Determines Foreign Treaty Benefits=1133

［c］ Employee Benefits=1134

Forms and Appendices=1135

Appendix 15-A. Comparison of Business Entities=1137

Index=1139