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영문목차
Foreword by The Hon David Hunt AO QC=xi
Preface=xv
Tables of Cases=xix
PART Ⅰ. SUBJECT-MATTER JURISDICTION OF THE AD HOC TRIBUNALS AND APPLICABLE LAW
1. General Remarks-The Creation and Jurisdiction of the ad boc Tribunals=3
2. Subject-Matter Jurisdiction and Applicable Law-Customary International Law and Treaty Law?=5
2.1. ICTY=5
2.2. ICTR=10
3. Identifying Customary International Law and the Role of Judges in the Customary Process=13
4. Binding Precedents and Internal Jurisprudential Hierarchy=19
PART Ⅱ. SERIOUS VIOLATIONS OF THE LAWS OR CUSTOMS OF WAR:'WAR CRIMES'
5. War Crimes in the Statutes of the ad hoc Tribunals=23
5.1. War crimes in the Statute of the ICTY=24
5.2. War crimes in the Statute of the ICTR=27
6. Chapeau Elements of War Crimes=29
6.1. General remar=29
6.2. Existence of an armed conflict and nexus therewith=30
6.2.1. Existence of an armed conflict=30
6.2.2. Nexus between the crime and the armed conflict=38
6.3. Other jurisdictional requirements=47
6.3.1. Infringement of a rule of international humanitarian law=48
6.3.2. Customary or conventional nature of the rule=49
6.3.3. 'Serious' nature of the infringement=50
6.3.4. Individual criminal responsibility=51
7. Grave Breaches of the 1949 Geneva Conventions=54
7.1. Grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions as war crimes=54
7.2. General elements of grave breaches=55
7.2.1. 'International' armed conflicts and state of occupation=55
7.2.2. 'Protected persons' and 'protected property'-the status of the victim=64
7.2.3. Underlying offences=71
8. Other Serious Violations of the Laws or Customs of War:Underlying Offences=90
8.1. Employment of poisonous weapons or other weapons calculated to cause unnecessary suffering(Article 3(a) ICTY Statute)=91
8.2. Wanton destruction of cities, towns, or villages, or devastation not justified by military necessity(Article 3(b) ICTY Statute)=91
8.3. Attack, or bombardment, by whatever means, of undefended towns, villages, dwellings, or buildings(Article 3(c) ICTY Statute)=94
8.4. Seizure of, destruction or wilful damage done to institutions dedicated to religion, charity, education, the arts and sciences, historic monuments, and works of art and science(Article 3(d) ICTY Stature)=94
8.5. Plunder of public or private property(Article 3(e) ICTY Statute) and pillage(Article 4(f) ICTR Statute)=96
8.6. Violence to life and person(Article 4(a) ICTR Statute and Article 3 ICTY Statute generally)=99
8.7. Collective punishment(Article 4(b) ICTR Statute)=100
8.8. Taking of hostages(Article 4(c) ICTR Statute and Article 3 ICTY Statute generally)=100
8.9. Acts of terrorism(Article 4(d) ICTR Statute)=101
8.10. Outrages upon personal dignity(Article 4(e) ICTR Statute and Article 3 ICTY Statute generally)=101
8.11 The passing of sentences and the carrying out of executions without previous judgment pronounced by a regularly constituted court, affording all the judicial guarantees which are recognized as indispensableby civilized peoples=103
8.12 Threats to commit statutory war crimes pursuant to Article 4 of the ICTR Statute=103
8.13 Other war crimes within the Tribunals' jurisdiction ratione materiae=103
8.13.1. Murder=104
8.13.2. Rape=107
8.13.3. Torture=110
8.13.4. Cruel treatment=116
8.13.5. Slavery=118
8.13.6. Attacks on civilians and civilian objects=119
8.13.7. Unlawful labour=126
8.13.8. Unlawful infliction of terror upon civilians or 'terror'=127
9. War Crimes in Internal Armed Conflicts=130
9.1. Can war crimes be committed in internal armed conflicts?=130
9.2. Serious violations of common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions=132
9.2.1. Common Article 3 in the Statutes of the ad hoc Tribunals=132
9.2.2. The protection guaranteed by common Article3=134
9.3. Serious violations of Additional Protocol Ⅱ and the Statutes of the ad hoc Tribunals=138
9.3.1. Additional Protocol Ⅱ in the Statutes of the ad hoc Tribunals=138
9.3.2. Status of Additional Protocol Ⅱ under customary international law and relationship with common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions=139
9.3.3. Role of Additional Protocol Ⅱ in the jurisprudence of the ad hoc Tribunals=144
PART Ⅲ. CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY
10. Crimes against Humanity in the Statutes of the ad hoc Tribunals=147
10.1. ICTY requirement:'Committed in armed conflict'=148
10.2. ICTR requirement:'National, political, ethnic, racial, or religious discrimination=153
11. Chapeau Elements of Crimes against Humanity=155
11.1. The 'attack'=156
11.2. Nexus between the acts of the accused and the attack=161
11.3. 'Any civilian population' as the primary object of the attack=163
11.4. 'Widespread or systematic' character of the attack=170
11.5. Requisite state of mind or mens rea=173
12. Underlying Offences=175
12.1. Murder=176
12.2. Extermination=176
12.3. Enslavement=179
12.4. Deportation and forcible transfer=180
12.5. Imprisonment=180
12.6. Torture=181
12.7. Rape=182
12.8. Persecutions on political, racial, or religious grounds=182
12.9. Other inhumane acts=188
PART Ⅳ. GENOCIDE
13. Genocide and International Criminal Tribunals=193
13.1. The judgment of the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg=193
13.2. The contribution of the ad hoc Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and for Rwanda to the law of genocide=199
13.3. Genocide and the International Criminal Court=202
14. General or Chapeau Elements of Genocide=206
14.1. General remarks=206
14.2. Elements of the genocidal mens rea=208
14,2.1. Intent=210
14.2.2. To destroy=216
14.2.3. In whole or in part=217
14.2.4. A protected group:a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group=223
14.2.5. As such=230
14.3. Establishing the genocidal mens rea=233
15. Underlying Offences=235
15.1. Killing members of the group=236
15.2. Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group=237
15.3. Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part=238
15.4. Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group=242
15.5. Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group=243
15.6. Exhaustive character of the list of underlying crimes?=243
16. Genocide and other Forms of Criminal Involvement=245
16.1. General remarks=245
16.2. The various listed forms of criminal participation(Articles 4/2(a-e) of the Statutes of the Tribunals=246
16.2.1. Genocide=246
16.2.2. Conspiracy to commit genocide=252
16.2.3. Direct and public incitement to commit genocide=254
16.2.4. Attempt to commit genocide=257
16.2.5. Complicity in genocide=257
16.3. Other forms of criminal participation?=261
16.3.1. Command responsibility and genocide=261
16.3.2. Joint criminal enterprise or common purpose doctrine and genocide=264
PART Ⅴ. PARTICIPATION IN INTERNATIONAL CRIMES AND INDIVIDUAL CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY
17. General Remarks on Participation=269
18. Jurisdiction ratione personae and Applicable Law=270
19. The Person of the Perpetrator:Who Can Commit an International Crime?=272
20. Article 7(1) of the ICTY Statute and Article 6(1) of the ICTR Statute:'Direct' Participation=279
20.1. Planning=279
20.2. Instigating=280
20.3. Ordering=282
20.4. Committing=283
20.5. Aiding and abetting in the planning, preparation, or execution=284
20.6. Joint criminal enterprise or common purpose=287
20.7. Attempt?=293
21. Article 7(3) of the ICTY Statute and Article 6(3) of the ICTR Statute:Command or Superior Responsibility=296
21.1. Principle of command responsibility=296
21.2. Superior-subordinate relationship and 'effective control'=298
21.3. Knowledge requirement=301
21.4. Failure to prevent and punish=306
22. Convictions Under Articles 7(1) and 7(3) of the ICTY Statute and Articles 6(1) and 6(3) of the ICTR Statute=311
PART Ⅵ. DISTINGUISHING GENOCIDE, WAR CRIMES, AND CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY:CUMULATIVE CHARGING AND CUMULATIVE CONVICTIONS
23. Cumulative Charging and Cumulative Convictions=315
24. War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity=320
24.1. Existence of an armed conflict and the nexus between the acts of the accused and the armed conflict=321
24.2. Persons protected under each regime=321
24.3. Widespread or systematic attack upon a civilian population=322
24.4. Underlying offences=322
25. War Crimes and Genocide=325
25.1. Common features=325
25.2. Different protected interests=325
25.3. Distinct material elements=326
26. Genocide and Crimes against Humanity=329
26.1. Common features and distinctions=329
26.2. Genocide and persecution=333
26.3. Genocide and extermination=337
PART Ⅶ. SENTENCING INTERNATIONAL CRIMES
27. ApplicableLaw and Purposes of Sentencing=343
28. Relevant Factors in Sentencing=347
28.1. Gravity of the acts of the accused=347
28.2. Mitigating and aggravating factors=350
28.3. Totality principle and individualization of sentences=355
29. Other Available Penalty:Return of Property=358
30. Enforcement of Sentences=359
PART Ⅷ. CONCLUSIONS
31. Concluding Remarks=363
Select Bibliography=369
Annexes=383
Ⅰ. ICTY=383
Ⅱ. ICTR=400
Index=429
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