영문목차

Foreword by The Hon David Hunt AO QC=xi

Preface=xv

Tables of Cases=xix

PART Ⅰ. SUBJECT-MATTER JURISDICTION OF THE AD HOC TRIBUNALS AND APPLICABLE LAW

1. General Remarks-The Creation and Jurisdiction of the ad boc Tribunals=3

2. Subject-Matter Jurisdiction and Applicable Law-Customary International Law and Treaty Law?=5

2.1. ICTY=5

2.2. ICTR=10

3. Identifying Customary International Law and the Role of Judges in the Customary Process=13

4. Binding Precedents and Internal Jurisprudential Hierarchy=19

PART Ⅱ. SERIOUS VIOLATIONS OF THE LAWS OR CUSTOMS OF WAR:'WAR CRIMES'

5. War Crimes in the Statutes of the ad hoc Tribunals=23

5.1. War crimes in the Statute of the ICTY=24

5.2. War crimes in the Statute of the ICTR=27

6. Chapeau Elements of War Crimes=29

6.1. General remar=29

6.2. Existence of an armed conflict and nexus therewith=30

6.2.1. Existence of an armed conflict=30

6.2.2. Nexus between the crime and the armed conflict=38

6.3. Other jurisdictional requirements=47

6.3.1. Infringement of a rule of international humanitarian law=48

6.3.2. Customary or conventional nature of the rule=49

6.3.3. 'Serious' nature of the infringement=50

6.3.4. Individual criminal responsibility=51

7. Grave Breaches of the 1949 Geneva Conventions=54

7.1. Grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions as war crimes=54

7.2. General elements of grave breaches=55

7.2.1. 'International' armed conflicts and state of occupation=55

7.2.2. 'Protected persons' and 'protected property'-the status of the victim=64

7.2.3. Underlying offences=71

8. Other Serious Violations of the Laws or Customs of War:Underlying Offences=90

8.1. Employment of poisonous weapons or other weapons calculated to cause unnecessary suffering(Article 3(a) ICTY Statute)=91

8.2. Wanton destruction of cities, towns, or villages, or devastation not justified by military necessity(Article 3(b) ICTY Statute)=91

8.3. Attack, or bombardment, by whatever means, of undefended towns, villages, dwellings, or buildings(Article 3(c) ICTY Statute)=94

8.4. Seizure of, destruction or wilful damage done to institutions dedicated to religion, charity, education, the arts and sciences, historic monuments, and works of art and science(Article 3(d) ICTY Stature)=94

8.5. Plunder of public or private property(Article 3(e) ICTY Statute) and pillage(Article 4(f) ICTR Statute)=96

8.6. Violence to life and person(Article 4(a) ICTR Statute and Article 3 ICTY Statute generally)=99

8.7. Collective punishment(Article 4(b) ICTR Statute)=100

8.8. Taking of hostages(Article 4(c) ICTR Statute and Article 3 ICTY Statute generally)=100

8.9. Acts of terrorism(Article 4(d) ICTR Statute)=101

8.10. Outrages upon personal dignity(Article 4(e) ICTR Statute and Article 3 ICTY Statute generally)=101

8.11 The passing of sentences and the carrying out of executions without previous judgment pronounced by a regularly constituted court, affording all the judicial guarantees which are recognized as indispensableby civilized peoples=103

8.12 Threats to commit statutory war crimes pursuant to Article 4 of the ICTR Statute=103

8.13 Other war crimes within the Tribunals' jurisdiction ratione materiae=103

8.13.1. Murder=104

8.13.2. Rape=107

8.13.3. Torture=110

8.13.4. Cruel treatment=116

8.13.5. Slavery=118

8.13.6. Attacks on civilians and civilian objects=119

8.13.7. Unlawful labour=126

8.13.8. Unlawful infliction of terror upon civilians or 'terror'=127

9. War Crimes in Internal Armed Conflicts=130

9.1. Can war crimes be committed in internal armed conflicts?=130

9.2. Serious violations of common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions=132

9.2.1. Common Article 3 in the Statutes of the ad hoc Tribunals=132

9.2.2. The protection guaranteed by common Article3=134

9.3. Serious violations of Additional Protocol Ⅱ and the Statutes of the ad hoc Tribunals=138

9.3.1. Additional Protocol Ⅱ in the Statutes of the ad hoc Tribunals=138

9.3.2. Status of Additional Protocol Ⅱ under customary international law and relationship with common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions=139

9.3.3. Role of Additional Protocol Ⅱ in the jurisprudence of the ad hoc Tribunals=144

PART Ⅲ. CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY

10. Crimes against Humanity in the Statutes of the ad hoc Tribunals=147

10.1. ICTY requirement:'Committed in armed conflict'=148

10.2. ICTR requirement:'National, political, ethnic, racial, or religious discrimination=153

11. Chapeau Elements of Crimes against Humanity=155

11.1. The 'attack'=156

11.2. Nexus between the acts of the accused and the attack=161

11.3. 'Any civilian population' as the primary object of the attack=163

11.4. 'Widespread or systematic' character of the attack=170

11.5. Requisite state of mind or mens rea=173

12. Underlying Offences=175

12.1. Murder=176

12.2. Extermination=176

12.3. Enslavement=179

12.4. Deportation and forcible transfer=180

12.5. Imprisonment=180

12.6. Torture=181

12.7. Rape=182

12.8. Persecutions on political, racial, or religious grounds=182

12.9. Other inhumane acts=188

PART Ⅳ. GENOCIDE

13. Genocide and International Criminal Tribunals=193

13.1. The judgment of the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg=193

13.2. The contribution of the ad hoc Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and for Rwanda to the law of genocide=199

13.3. Genocide and the International Criminal Court=202

14. General or Chapeau Elements of Genocide=206

14.1. General remarks=206

14.2. Elements of the genocidal mens rea=208

14,2.1. Intent=210

14.2.2. To destroy=216

14.2.3. In whole or in part=217

14.2.4. A protected group:a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group=223

14.2.5. As such=230

14.3. Establishing the genocidal mens rea=233

15. Underlying Offences=235

15.1. Killing members of the group=236

15.2. Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group=237

15.3. Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part=238

15.4. Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group=242

15.5. Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group=243

15.6. Exhaustive character of the list of underlying crimes?=243

16. Genocide and other Forms of Criminal Involvement=245

16.1. General remarks=245

16.2. The various listed forms of criminal participation(Articles 4／2(a-e) of the Statutes of the Tribunals=246

16.2.1. Genocide=246

16.2.2. Conspiracy to commit genocide=252

16.2.3. Direct and public incitement to commit genocide=254

16.2.4. Attempt to commit genocide=257

16.2.5. Complicity in genocide=257

16.3. Other forms of criminal participation?=261

16.3.1. Command responsibility and genocide=261

16.3.2. Joint criminal enterprise or common purpose doctrine and genocide=264

PART Ⅴ. PARTICIPATION IN INTERNATIONAL CRIMES AND INDIVIDUAL CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY

17. General Remarks on Participation=269

18. Jurisdiction ratione personae and Applicable Law=270

19. The Person of the Perpetrator:Who Can Commit an International Crime?=272

20. Article 7(1) of the ICTY Statute and Article 6(1) of the ICTR Statute:'Direct' Participation=279

20.1. Planning=279

20.2. Instigating=280

20.3. Ordering=282

20.4. Committing=283

20.5. Aiding and abetting in the planning, preparation, or execution=284

20.6. Joint criminal enterprise or common purpose=287

20.7. Attempt?=293

21. Article 7(3) of the ICTY Statute and Article 6(3) of the ICTR Statute:Command or Superior Responsibility=296

21.1. Principle of command responsibility=296

21.2. Superior-subordinate relationship and 'effective control'=298

21.3. Knowledge requirement=301

21.4. Failure to prevent and punish=306

22. Convictions Under Articles 7(1) and 7(3) of the ICTY Statute and Articles 6(1) and 6(3) of the ICTR Statute=311

PART Ⅵ. DISTINGUISHING GENOCIDE, WAR CRIMES, AND CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY:CUMULATIVE CHARGING AND CUMULATIVE CONVICTIONS

23. Cumulative Charging and Cumulative Convictions=315

24. War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity=320

24.1. Existence of an armed conflict and the nexus between the acts of the accused and the armed conflict=321

24.2. Persons protected under each regime=321

24.3. Widespread or systematic attack upon a civilian population=322

24.4. Underlying offences=322

25. War Crimes and Genocide=325

25.1. Common features=325

25.2. Different protected interests=325

25.3. Distinct material elements=326

26. Genocide and Crimes against Humanity=329

26.1. Common features and distinctions=329

26.2. Genocide and persecution=333

26.3. Genocide and extermination=337

PART Ⅶ. SENTENCING INTERNATIONAL CRIMES

27. ApplicableLaw and Purposes of Sentencing=343

28. Relevant Factors in Sentencing=347

28.1. Gravity of the acts of the accused=347

28.2. Mitigating and aggravating factors=350

28.3. Totality principle and individualization of sentences=355

29. Other Available Penalty:Return of Property=358

30. Enforcement of Sentences=359

PART Ⅷ. CONCLUSIONS

31. Concluding Remarks=363

Select Bibliography=369

Annexes=383

Ⅰ. ICTY=383

Ⅱ. ICTR=400

Index=429