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List of Figures=ⅸ

List of Tables=ⅹ

Acknowledgements=xi

List of Abbreviations=xiii

Introduction=xv

The background to Labour's modernisation=xvi

Structure of the book=xviii

1. Aims and Methods=1

Rational choice theory and the study of institutions=2

The Downsian model and the study of the Labour Party=6

Sociological explanations of the Labour Party=12

Conclusion=18

2. Political Exchange and Party Organisation=20

Political exchange and party organisation=20

Intra-party incentive structures=23

Party organisations as governance structures=29

Preference heterogeneity among activists=31

Elite autonomy and the policy-votes trade-off=34

Campaign technologies=36

Institutional change in vote-seeking parties=38

Conclusion=43

3. The Pre-Modernised Labour Party=45

The development of political exchange in the Labour Party=45

Federalism and block voting in the Labour Party=47

The autonomy of the PLP and party-union tensions=56

Coalitions for change=64

Conclusion=70

4. Policy-making=71

Policy-making in the Labour Party before 1983=71

The PLP and policy-making after 1983=76

Trade unions and the party conference in the 1990s=79

Policy-making in the 1990s:the national policy forum=82

Membership referendums=94

Conclusion=96

5. The Selection of Parliamentary Candidates=97

Labour's local organisational structures=98

Reform of parliamentary candidate selection=100

One-member-one-vote=106

Other changes to candidate selection=111

Conclusion=118

6. Electing the Party Leader=121

Party leaders as agents=122

Labour's electoral college, 1981-93=123

PLP nomination rights and gate-keeping powers=125

Selection in the electoral college=127

The electoral college after 1993=133

Leadership accountability and contest costs=136

Conclusion=142

Appendix 1 to Chapter 6:Electoral Colleges and Devolution=143

Appendix 2 to Chapter 6:Electing the NEC and the NCC=146

7. Resources and Political Communications=149

Part Ⅰ. Resources

Funding=149

Members and activists=154

Conclusion=157

Part Ⅱ. Political Communications

Party resources and political communications=158

Modernising Labour's political communications=161

Communication technology and general election campaigns=166

Conclusion=170

8. Conclusion:Labour's Modernisation=171

Explaining organisational change in the Labour Party=171

Unitarism and leadership dominance=178

The future of the party-union link=183

Conclusion=191

Appendix:From Federalism to Unitarism in the Labour Party=193

Notes=196

References=205

Index=216

List of Figures

1.1. Downsian Model of Party Competition=8

2.1. Curvilinear Disparity=28

2.2. Horizontal(Hierarchical) and Vertical(Factional) Cleavages=32

3.1. Distributional Consequences of Block Voting=52

3.2. Institutional Preferences of Labour Factions=69

4.1. Labour's Policy-making Structure(mid-1980s)=77

4.2. Labour's Policy-making Structure(since 1997)=87

4.3. Policy Determination:Party Conference and the NPF=91

4.4. NPF Minority Reports and the Party Conference=93

5.1. Constituency Labour Party Structure=98

5.2. Powers and Responsibilities of General Committees(pre-1989)=99

5.3. Distribution of Preferences of Voters, and Labour Members and Activists=108

5.4. Sponsored MPs as a Proportion of Sponsored PPCs=113

6.1. PLP Nomination Thresholds in Leadership Contests=125

7.1. Labour Party Individual Membership 1980-2003(Thousands)=156

7.2. Trade-off between Activist Retention and Electoral Support=159

7.3. Communication Technologies=160

8.1. Labour's Two Phases of Modernisation=178

List of Tables

3.1. Labour Party Membership, 1900-2000(Selected Years)=48

3.2. Strategic Options for Labour Factions(mid-1980s)=65

4.1. Union Affiliation Levels 2002=82

4.2. National Policy Forum Membership 2003=84

4.3. Policy Commission Elections=86

5.1. Candidate Selection Changes, 1983-2003=119

6.1. Contests Conducted in the Electoral College=131

6.2. Procedures for Challenging a Labour Leader=136

6.3. Electing the NEC=147

8.1. Government-Union Relations(post-2001)=188

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