영문목차

Table of Cases=xv

Preface=xxiii

A Note to Users of This Text=xxvii

1. Educational Governance:Sources of Law and the Courts=1

Ⅰ. Sources of Law=3

A. Federal Level=3

1. Constitution and Amendments=3

a. Historical Perspective=3

b. Due Process and Equal Protection=5

(1) Due Process=6

(2) Equal Protection=8

2. Statutes=9

3. Case Law=10

4. Executive Orders and Attorney General Opinions=11

B. State Level=12

1. State Constitutions=12

2. State Statutes=12

3. Case Law=13

4. State Board of Education, Chief State School Officer, and State Department of Education=13

5. Attorney General Opinions=14

C. Local Level=14

Ⅱ. The American Judicial System=14

A. State Court Systems=15

B. Federal Court System=16

1. District Courts=16

2. Courts of Appeals=17

3. Supreme Court=17

2. Schools and the State=20

Ⅰ. Compulsory Attendance=20

A. Satisfied by Parochial, Private, or Home School Attendance=20

Pierce v. Society of Sisters=21

Notes and Questions=23

B. Regulation of Private Schools=25

C. Home Instruction=26

D. Admission Issues=29

Ⅱ. Religion in the Schools=30

A. School-Sponsored Prayer and Bible Reading=30

1. Recitation of a State Prayer=31

Engel v. Vitale=31

2. Prayer and Bible Reading=36

School District of Abington Township v. Schempp and Murray v. Curlett=36

Notes and Questions=39

Epilogue:Prayer and Bible Reading=43

3. Prayers at Graduation Exercises and other Public School-Sponsored Activities=45

Lee v. Weisman=46

Notes and Questions=55

B. Equal Access=62

C. The Teaching of Evolution=66

Edwards v. Aguillard=66

Notes and Questions=70

D. Textbooks=72

E. Distribution of Religious Literature=73

F. Released and Shared Time and Religious Instruction=75

G. Religious Holidays=77

H. Guidance on Constitutionally Protected Prayer in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools=78

Ⅲ. Use of Facilities=82

Good News Club v. Milford Central School=83

Notes and Questions=90

Ⅳ. Aid to Nonpublic Schools=92

Ⅴ. School Fees=96

Hartzell v. Connell=97

Notes and Questions=100

Ⅵ. Health Services=100

A. Immunization=101

Berg v. Glen Cove City School District=101

Notes=103

B. Distribution of Condoms=103

3. Students and the Law=105

Ⅰ. Freedom of Expression=106

A. The Tinker Doctrine=106

Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District=106

Notes=113

B. Limiting the Tinker Doctrine=115

1. Nonpolitical Speech=115

Bethel School District No. 403 v. Fraser=115

Notes=120

2. School-Sponsored Expressive Activities=121

Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier=121

Notes and Questions=125

C. Participation in Patriotic Exercises=127

Sherman v. Community School District 21=127

Notes and Questions=130

Ⅱ. Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974(Buckley Amendment=132

Ⅲ. Suspension, Expulsion, and Disciplinary Transfer=133

A. Suspension=134

Goss v. Lopez=134

Notes and Questions=140

B. Expulsion=141

1. Public School Expulsion=141

Gonzales v. McEuen=145

Notes and Questions=147

2. Private School Expulsion=147

Allen v. Casper=150

Note=150

C. Disciplinary Transfer=151

Ⅳ. Corporal Punishment=151

Ingraham v. Wright=152

Notes and Questions=156

Ⅴ. Search of Students and Lockers=158

A. Student Search=159

New Jersey v. T.L.O.=159

Notes and Questions=164

B. Search for Drugs and Weapons=165

C. Intrusive Search=167

D. Locker Search=170

Ⅵ. Dress and Grooming

A. Dress=172

B. Uniforms=175

C. Grooming=178

Ⅶ. Pregnancy, Parenthood, and Marriage=179

Ⅷ. Participation in Extracurricular Activities=181

A. Legal Status of Extracurricular Activities=181

Palmer v. Merluzzi=182

Notes and Questions=185

B. Athletics=186

1. Married Students=186

Beeson v. Kiowa County School District RE-1=187

Notes and Questions=189

2. Gender Equity=189

Ⅸ. School Punishment for Out-of-School Offenses=190

4. Teachers and the Law=194

Ⅰ. Nonrenewal and Dismissal=194

Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth=195

Notes and Questions=199

Ⅱ. Freedom of Expression=201

A. Tenured Teacher's Public Expression=202

Pickering v. Board of Education of Township High School District 205=202

Notes=206

B. Nontenured Teacher's Freedom of Expression=208

Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle=208

Notes=212

Ⅲ. Academic Freedom=212

A. Appropriate Material=213

Fowler v. Board of Education of Lincoln County=213

Notes and Questions=218

B. Political Speakers=222

Wilson v. Chancellor=222

Notes and Questions=227

Ⅳ. Drug Testing=228

Ⅴ. Personal Appearance=229

East Hartford Education Association v. Board of Education of Town of East Hartford=230

Notes and Questions=233

Ⅵ. Teacher as Exemplar=234

A. Homosexual Teacher=235

Epilogue=239

B. Adulterous Teacher=241

Erb v. Iowa State Board of Public Instruction=241

Note=245

C. Criminal Activities=246

Gillett v. Unified School District No. 276=246

Notes=249

D. Impropriety with Students=250

Barcheski v. Board of Education of Grand Rapids Public Schools=250

Notes=254

Ⅶ. Employment Discrimination=256

A. Racial Discrimination=257

B. Sex Discrimination=262

Marshall v. Kirkland=262

Notes=265

C. Pregnancy=266

Eckmann v. Board of Education of Hawthorn School District=268

Notes and Questions=271

D. Religious Discrimination=272

E. Age Discrimination=274

Ⅷ. Teacher Bargaining=275

Lehnert v. Ferris Faculty Association=276

Notes=282

Ⅸ. Political Activities=283

5. School Desegregation=286

Ⅰ. Historical Perspective=287

A. Separate but Equal Doctrine=287

Plessy v. Ferguson=287

Notes and Questions=295

B. De Jure Public School Segregation Unconstitutional(Brown Ⅰ)=296

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka=296

Notes and Questions=300

C. Implementation(Brown Ⅱ)=300

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka=301

Notes and Questions=302

Ⅱ. Early Desegregation in the South=303

Ⅲ. Desegregation in the Non-South=304

A. Intentional Segregative Action=305

B. Interdistrict Integration=306

Sheff v. O'Neill=308

Ⅳ. Current Desegregation Issues=314

A. Release from Court Order=314

B. Race-Related Placement=316

1. Magnet Schools=317

2. Weighted Lottery=319

Ⅴ. Epilogue=320

6. Individuals with Disabilities and the Law=323

Ⅰ. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act=325

A. Eligibility=325

B. Identification and Evaluation of Students=326

C. Substantive Educational Rights=327

Board of Education of the Hendrick Hudson Central School District v. Rowley=327

Notes and Questions=333

D. Individualized Education Programs=334

E. Appropriate Placements=334

F. Related Services=337

G. Procedural Protections=338

H. Discipline=340

I. Transition Services=347

J. Graduation and Competency Exams=348

K. Cost Issues=348

Notes and Questions=349

Ⅱ. Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act=350

A. Students and Section 504=351

Thomas v. Atascadero Unified School District=353

Notes=357

Grube v. Bethlehem Area School District=358

Note=361

B. Employees and Section 504=361

Ⅲ. The Americans with Disabilities Act=364

7. School Finance and School Choice Issues=366

Ⅰ. School Finance Reform=366

A. Background=366

B. Early Decisions=368

C. Fiscal Neutrality=368

D. Rodriguez=369

San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez=370

Notes and Questions=379

E. Post-Rodriguez Litigation=379

Rose v. Council for Better Education=380

Notes=387

F. Results to Date=387

1. Decisions Upholding State Finance Provisions=388

2. Decisions Effecting Reform=389

Listing of Selected School Finance-Related Cases=391

Ⅱ. Choice=395

A. Choice Plans=395

1. Public School Inter- and Intra-district Open Enrollment=396

2. Intra-District Specialized Schools=396

3. Voucher Plan=397

Zelman v. Simmons-Harris=400

Notes=406

4. Charter Schools=407

5. Education Service Providers=409

6. Tuition Tax Credits=409

B. Legal Implications=410

8. Educator and School District Liability=412

Ⅰ. School District Immunity=412

A. Liability under State Law=412

B. Liability under Federal Law=414

1. Liability under 42 U.S.C. §1983=414

Wood v. Strickland=419

Notes and Questions=419

Carey v. Piphus=420

2. Damages under Title Ⅸ=424

a. Teacher-to-Student Harassment=424

Gebser v. Lago Vista Independent School District=424

Notes=428

b. Student-to-Student Harassment=429

Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education=429

Notes and Questions=434

Ⅱ. Educator Liability=434

A. Intentional Torts=434

B. Negligence=435

1. Duty of Care=435

2. Standard of Care=435

3. Proximate Cause=436

4. Actual Loss or Injury=436

C. Defenses for Negligence=436

Ⅲ. Duties of Supervision=437

A. Before and after School=437

B. During School Hours=439

C. Off-Campus Activities=440

Ⅳ. Parental Consent=441

Ⅴ. Malpractice=441

Ⅵ. Insurance=444

Questions=444

APPENDIX A-Analyzing a Court Decision=445

APPENDIX B-An Introduction to Research in School Law=447

APPENDIX C-The Constitution of the United States of America-Edited=455

APPENDIX D-Statutory Material=459

No Child Left Behind Act of 2001

Sec.6301. Statement of Purpose=459

Sec.6311. State Plans=459

Sec.6316. Academic Assessment and LEA and School Improvement=460

Sec.6317. School Support and Recognition=461

Sec.6318. Parental Involvement=462

Sec.6319. Qualifications for Teachers and Paraprofessionals=462

Sec.6320. Participation of Children Enrolled in Private Schools=463

Sec.6575. Prohibition Against Federal Mandates, Direction, or Control=463

Sec.6623. Local Use of Funds=463

Sec.6672. Authorization of Troops-to-Teachers Program=463

Sec.6736. Limitation on Liability for Teachers=463

Sec.7175. Gun-Free Requirements=464

Sec.7165. Transfer of School Disciplinary Records=464

Sec.7183. Nonsmoking Policy for Children's Services=465

Sec.7217a. Participation of Children Enrolled in Private Schools=465

Sec.7221. Charter School Programs=465

Sec.7231. Magnet School Assistance=465

Sec.7886. Private, Religious, and Home Schools=466

Sec.7904. School Prayer=466

Sec.7905. Equal Access to Public School Facilities=467

Sec.7909. Prohibition on Federally Sponsored Testing=467

Sec.7910. Limitations on National Testing or Certification for Teachers=467

Sec.7912. Unsafe School Choice Option=467

Title Ⅶ of the Civil Rights Act of 1964=467

Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978=469

Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967=469

Title Ⅸ of the Education Amendments of 1972=470

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973=470

Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974=470

Equal Access Act of 1984=472

Civil Rights, 42 U.S.C. §1981-1983=473

Glossary=474

Index=479