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List of Figures, Tables and Boxes=ix

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations=xiv

About the Contributors=xvii

Preface=xx

1. Introduction to EIA Follow-up/Angus Morrison-Saunders;Jos Arts=1

Introduction=1

What is EIA follow-up?=3

Need for EIA follow-up=6

Objectives of EIA follow-up=8

Historical overview=9

Contextual setting for EIA follow-up=10

Outcomes of follow-up=14

Challenges for EIA follow-up=16

Overview of the book=17

2. Theoretical Perspectives on EIA and Follow-up/Jos Arts;Angus Morrison-Saunders=22

Introduction=22

Origins of the concept of EIA and follow-up=22

Relationship between planning and EIA=26

The tension between theory and practice=28

Positioning EIA follow-up in the planning process=33

From theory to practice=37

3. A Practical Framework for EIA Follow-up/Jill Baker=42

Introduction=42

Background=42

Methodology=43

A practical follow-up framework=43

Relationship between the follow-up framework and the generic EIA process=57

Conclusions=60

4. Designing for EIA Follow-up:Experiences from The Netherlands/Jos Arts;Johan Meijer=63

Introduction=63

EIA and follow-up in The Netherlands=63

Screening:Determining the need for EIA follow-up=68

Scoping:Defining the content of EIA follow-up=73

The result of screening and scoping:A follow-up programme=79

The Derde Merwedehaven waste disposal facility=85

Conclusions=93

5. Appraising Effects of Mitigation Measures:The Grand Coulee Dam's Impacts on Fisheries/Leonard Ortolano;Christine L. May=97

Introduction=97

Introduction to GCD and CBP=98

Environmental Impact Statements for GCD and CBP=100

Mitigation of impacts on Columbia River salmonids=103

Difficulties in isolating effects of GCD and GCFMP=107

Irreversible and irretrievable impacts of GCD on salmon=109

Conclusions and policy implications=111

6. Can Industry Benefit from Participation in EIA-follow-up? The Scottish Power Experience/Ross Marshall=118

Introduction=118

UK EIA regulations and follow-up practice=121

Benefits of EIA follow-up for industry:Motivating factors for proponents=123

Deriving value from EIA follow-up:ScottishPower's experience and case studies=124

The management of EIA follow-up:Improving practice=135

A practical framework for environmental management plans=138

Discussion and conclusions=147

7. EIA Follow-up and Adaptive Management/Angus Morrison-Saunders;Bryan Jenkins;John Bailey=154

Introduction=154

The importance of environmental management=155

EIA follow-up and environmental management in Western Australia=157

Factors promoting adaptive environmental management in EIA=169

Future directions for EIA follow-up and adaptive environmental management=171

Conclusions=175

8. The Independent Environmental Watchdog:A Canadian Experiment in EIA Follow-up/William A. Ross=178

Introduction=178

Ekati Mine=179

Independent Environmental Monitoring Agency=188

Community involvement in follow-up studies=191

Evaluation of the Agency=192

9. Learning by Doing:EIA Follow-up in Hong Kong/Elvis Au;Simon Hui=197

Introduction=197

Overview of EIA procedures in Hong Kong=198

Process innovations in EIA follow-up=208

Content innovations in EIA follow-up=213

Case study:Penny's Bay redevelopment=216

Follow up to Strategic Environmental Assessment=219

Conclusions and lessons learned=220

10. Follow-up in Current SEA Understanding/Maria RosSmall a, acute accentrio PartidSmall a, acute accentrio;Thomas B. Fischer=224

Introduction=224

Current understanding of SEA=224

Rationale and goals of follow-up in SEA=230

Types of SEA follow-up=232

Tiers in strategic decision-making and consequences for follow-up=234

Existing requirements for follow-up=237

Follow-up case examples in existing policy-, plan- and programme-making=239

Methodological guidance for follow-up=243

Conclusions=244

11. On Evaluating the Success of EIA and SEA/Barry Sadler=248

Introduction=248

Organizing concepts and delineation of approach=249

Meta-evaluation of the success of EIA and SEA as policy concepts and tools=253

Macro-evaluation of the success of EIA and SEA systems and components=262

Micro-evaluation of the success of EIA and SEA application=276

Conclusion=279

12. Lessons for EIA Follow-up/Jos Arts;Angus Morrison-Saunders=286

Introduction=286

Best practice EIA follow-up=287

Principles for effective EIA follow-up=298

Future directions for EIA follow-up=303

Conclusion=312

Appendix 1:Framework for EIA Follow-up and Effectiveness and Performance Review(Adapted from Sadler, 1996)=315

Index=324

List of Figures, Tables and Boxes

Figures

1.1. EIA Follow-up as a Link between EIA and Project Implementation=7

1.2. Contextual Factors and Stakeholder Groups for Successful EIA Follow-up=14

1.3. Outcomes of EIA Follow-up for Different Stakeholders=15

2.1. The Role of EIA and Follow-up-Ex-ante and Ex-post Evaluation-In the Planning Process=26

2.2. Cyclic, Iterative Practice of Planning Versus the Linear, Classic Planning Approach of EIA=29

3.1. Environmental Impact Assessment Follow-up Framework=46

3.2. Linkage Between a Generic EIA Process and the Follow-up Framework=58

4.1. The EIA Procedure in The Netherlands=64

4.2. Procedure for EIA Follow-up in The Netherlands=67

4.3. Scoping for EIA Follow-up-The Link with the EIS, the Consent Decision and Project Planning=73

4.4. The Diverging and Converging Process of Scoping of EIA Follow-up Issues=74

4.5. Determination of the Scope of EIA Follow-up for Road Construction Projects=77

4.6. EIA Follow-up as an Umbrella-Integration of the Various Flows of Information=82

4.7. The Place of Monitoring and Evaluation in the Planning Process=84

4.8. Location of the Derde Merwedehaven Waste Disposal Site near Dordrecht=86

4.9. Sketch of Structure of the Derde Merwedehaven Waste Disposal Facility=87

4.10. Site Layout of the Derde Merwedehaven Waste Disposal Facility=88

5.1. Location of the Grand Coulee Dam=99

5.2. Middle Columbia Tributaries and GCFMP Hatcheries=105

5.3. Total Fish Counts past Rock Island Dan=108

6.1. EIA Follow-up as Linkage Between EIA and Operational Management=121

6.2. Map of ScottishPower Case Studies=126

6.3. The Perceived Role, Interaction and Objective of Environmental Management Plans=139

6.4. Contractor-client Interactions and the Linkage Role of EMP=143

6.5. Key Drivers in PowerSystem's Participation in EIA Follow-up=149

7.1. EIA Process in Western Australia=159

7.2. A Management Model of EIA=162

7.3. Comparison of Conventional and Adaptive Management Approaches to EIA and Follow-up=171

7.4. Changes to Harbour Breakwater Layout=174

8.1. Location of the Ekati Diamond Mine=180

8.2. Wolverine Symbol of the Independent Environmental Monitoring Agency=187

9.1. The Statutory EIA Process in Hong Kong=198

9.2. Public Participation under the EIA Ordinance=201

9.3. Airport Core Programme Activities=201

9.4. Schematic Model of the Hong Kong Follow-up System=209

9.5. Penny's Bay Redevelopment Projects=217

9.6. Example of a Comprehensive EM&A Programme in Hong Kong:Penny's Bay Redevelopment Project=219

10.1. Impact Assessment Across Decision-making Tiers-From SEA to Project EIA=228

10.2. Quantity of Information Provided by the Three SEA Types=229

10.3. Multi-tier Causal Relationships in SEA Follow-up=233

11.1. The Anatomy of Success-Scales and Dimensions of Ex-post Evaluation=253

12.1. Core Values, Principles, Practice and Needs for EIA Follow-up=302

12.2. Future Directions for EIA Follow-up:Relevance of Spatial, Time and Organizational Dimensions for Moving Beyond Project-oriented Follow-up=304

12.3. EIA Follow-up at Different Levels and their Relationships=312

Tables

4.1. Scoping Categories Relevant for EIA Follow-up of Road Projects=79

4.2. EIA Follow-up Issues for the Derde Merwedehaven Project=89

6.1. EIA Follow-up:Motivating Factors for Proponents=125

6.2. The Scope for Mitigation Post-decision and its Interaction with EIA Follow-up Activities=140

6.3. PowerSystems' EMP Structure and Content=144

6.4. PowerSystems' Template for the 'Table of Site-specific Environmental Actions' with Hypothetical Entries=145

10.1. Main Differences between SEA and EIA=227

10.2. Types of Follow-up and their Roles at Different Tiers of Decision-making=236

10.3. Type of Follow-up in Five Case Studies=243

11.1. A Schema of the Field of Ex-post Evaluation and its Relationship to EIA/SEA Follow-up=250

11.2. Report Card on the Success of EIA and SEA as Policy Instruments=260

11.3. Paradigm Shifts-From EIA to SEA and towards Sustainability Appraisal=261

11.4. Tool Kit for Integrated Environmental Management=262

11.5. Guidance on SEA Quality Control and Assurance=274

11.6. Ingredients of Success in EIA-Good Practice Step by Step=275

11.7. EIA Follow-up Activities, Measures and Indications of Success=277

12.1. Regulatory and Institutional Arrangements for EIA Follow-up=289

12.2. A Typology of EIA Follow-up Approaches Related to the Effort Needed=292

12.3. Consequences of Resources and Capacity Available for EIA Follow-up=294

12.4. Project Type Characteristics and Approaches to EIA Follow-up=297

Boxes

1.1. Generic Steps in the EIA Process=2

1.2. A Definition of EIA Follow-up=4

1.3. Approaches to EIA Follow-up=6

1.4. Literature on EIA Follow-up=10

2.1. Decision-making, Policy, Planning and Adaptive Management=23

2.2. Potential Barriers to EIA Follow-up Implementation=32

2.3. Hedging and Flexing=38

3.1. Basic Issues for EIA Follow-up=44

3.2. Determining the Need for EIA Follow-up=47

3.3. EIA Follow-up Scoping Criteria=50

3.4. Methodologies and Tools for Follow-up Programmes=51

3.5. Four Steps in the Evaluation of EIA Follow-up=54

3.6. Follow-up Reports=57

4.1. EIA Regulations in The Netherlands=65

4.2. Other Avenues for Follow-up=68

4.3. Objectives of Follow-up in the Dutch EIA Regulations=69

4.4. Screening for EIA Follow-up in the Province of South Holland=72

4.5. EIA Follow-up Programme for the A50 Road Construction Project=80

4.6. Costs of EIA Follow-up=83

5.1. Timing of Key Events Related to EIA=99

5.2. Portions of CEQ Regulations Pertaining to Mitigation=101

5.3. CEQ Follow-up Guidance=102

6.1. The Statutory Basis for EIA Follow-up in the UK=122

6.2. Mitigation Handbook Design and Contents=127

6.3. Lessons Learnt from Proponent-oriented Forms of EIA Follow-up=136

6.4. Lessons Learnt:Management of Proponent-based EIA Follow-up=148

6.5. Motivating Proponents=151

7.1. Limitations of Prediction and Compliance Audits in Relation to Environmental Performance=156

7.2. EIA and Follow-up Requirements in Western Australia=160

7.3. Methodology for EIA Follow-up with Environmental Management Emphasis=164

7.4. Ways to Promote Adaptive Environmental Management=169

8.1. EIA Classes in Canada=181

8.2. Follow-up Requirements for the Ekati Mine=183

8.3. Composition of the Independent Environmental Monitoring Agency=189

8.4. Tasks of the Independent Environmental Monitoring Agency=189

8.5. Activities of the Independent Environmental Monitoring Agency=190

8.6. Aboriginal Perspective on Follow-up at the Ekati Mine=194

9.1. Outline of the Hong Kong EIA Process=199

9.2. Key Milestones in the History of EIA Follow-up in Hong Kong=202

9.3. Key Provisions under Schedule 4 of the EIA Ordinance for EIA Follow-up=206

9.4. A Typical Environmental Permit Condition for the Setting Up of an ET and an IEC under the EIA Ordinance=207

9.5. Different Management Structures Used for EIA Follow-up=210

9.6. A Typical Environmental Permit Condition Requiring the Submission of Electronic Environmental Monitoring and Audit Reports=211

9.7. A Typical Permit Condition Requiring Project Websites to be Set Up with On-line Environmental Monitoring and Audit Results for Public Access=212

9.8. Environmental Quality Performance Limits=214

9.9. Environmental Monitoring and Audit Manual=216

10.1. Goals and Benefits of SEA Follow-up=233

10.2. Tasks Associated With the Four Types of SEA Follow-up=235

10.3. Guidance for SEA Follow-up Programme-specific Activities=244

11.1. A Reference Guide to Ex-post Evaluation of EIA and SEA=250

11.2. Dimensions of Success of EIA and SEA Considered=254

11.3. Convergence Tests and Indicators of Success of EIA and SEA as Policy Instruments=255

11.4. Major Trends in EIA and SEA=256

11.5. Comparative Review of EIA Systems=264

11.6. Comparative Review of SEA Systems=267

11.7. CEQ Review of NEPA Effectiveness after 25 Years=269

11.8. Five-year Review of the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act=271

11.9. Audit and Review of SEA Implementation within the Federal Government of Canada=272

12.1. Best Practice EIA Follow-up:Regulations and Institutional Arrangements=289

12.2. Best Practice EIA Follow-up:Approaches and Techniques=293

12.3. Best Practice EIA Follow-up:Resources and Capacity=295

12.4. Best Practice EIA Follow-up:Project Type=297

12.5. Best Practice EIA Follow-up:Involvement of Stakeholders=298

12.6. Core Values for EIA Follow-up=299

12.7. Principles for EIA Follow-up Practice=301

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Written and edited by an authoritative team of internationally known experts in environmental impact assessment (EIA), this is the first book to present in a coherent manner the theory and practice of EIA and strategic environmental assessment (SEA) follow-up.

Without some form of follow-up, the consequences of impact assessments and the environmental outcomes of development projects will remain unknown. Assessing Impact examines both EIA follow-up and the emerging practice of SEA follow-up, and showcases follow-up procedures in various countries throughout Europe, North America and Australasia. Theoretical and legislative perspectives are examined in the light of detailed case study examples, and the authors present a micro-, macro- and meta scale analysis of EIA practice ranging from individual plan and project level through to the jurisdictional level, as well as an analysis of the concept of EIA. Full coverage is given to the roles of proponents, both private and governmental, EIA regulators and the affected public in designing and executing follow-up programmes. This book is the must-have tool for impact assessment professionals, academics, regulators and proponents working on projects of all scales in all jurisdictions.