목차

Preface xxv

Acknowledgments xxix

Special Notice xxxv

INTRODUCTION 1

A. The Career of a Criminal Case 1

1. Procedure Before Trial 2

D. Dripps, Criminal Justice Process 2

2. Substantive Legal Issues Before Trial 5

3. Procedure at Trial 6

4. Substantive Legal Issues on Appeal 8

B. Sources of Criminal Law 9

1. Statutes 9

G. Hazard, Criminal Justice System: Overview 9

2. Precedent 10

3. Constitutions 12

C. The Analysis of Criminal Liability 14

1. The Purpose of Analysis 14

2. The Model Penal Code Scheme 14

3. The German Scheme 15

D. Burdens of Proof and Due Process 16

I JUST PUNISHMENT 21

Colorado Revised Statutes, Title 18, ?-1-102 23(606)

1 THE PURPOSES AND LIMITS OF PUNISHMENT 25

A. An Introductory Problem 25

Notes and Questions 26

B. Utilitarianism and Retributivism 27

John Braithwaite and Philip Pettit, Not Just Deserts: A Republican Theory of Criminal Justice 28

C. Utilitarian Punishment 30

1. The Utility Principle as a Limit on Punishment 30

Jeremy Bentham, The Theory of Legislation 30

2. Deterrence 31

Jeremy Bentham, The Theory of Legislation 31

James Q. Wilson, Thinking About Crime 32

Dan M. Kahan, Social Influence, Social and Deterrence 33

Notes and Questions 35

3. Rehabilitation 37

David Rothman, The Discovery of the Asylum 37

Edward L. Rubin, The Inevitability of Rehabilitation 42

Francis A. Allen, Criminal Justice, Legal Values, and the Rehabilitative Ideal 40

Elliot Currie, Confronting Crime: An American Challenge 41

Edward L. Rubin, The Inevitability of Rehabilitation 42

Michael Tonry, Malign Neglect-Race, Crime and Punishment in America 44

Notes and Questions 44

4. Incapacitation 45

a. Collective and Selective Incapacitation 45

James Q. Wilson, Thinking about Crime 45

Alfred Blumstein and Jacqueline Cohen, Characterizing Criminal Careers 48

Franklin E. Zimring and Gordon Hawkins, Incapacitation: Penal Confinement and the Restraint of Crime 48

Markus Dirk Dubber, Recidivist Statutes as a Rational Punishment 49

b. Prison Violence and the Segregative Function of Incarceration 50

D. Retribution 52

1. Retribution as a Limit on Punishment 52

H.J. McCloskey, A Non-Utilitarian Approach to Punishment 52

John Rawls, Two Concepts of Rules 53

Guyora Binder & Nicholas J. Smith, Framed: Utilitarianism and Punishment of the Innocent 53

Herbert Packer, The Limits of the Criminal Sanction 55

David Dolinko, Three Mistakes of Retributivism 56

Alan H. Goldman, The Paradox of Punishment 56

Notes and Questions 58

2. Retribution as an Affirmative Justification for Punishment 59

a. The Appeal to Intuition 59

Michael Moore, Law and Psychiatry 59

Notes and Questions 60

b. The Argument from Social Contract 60

Herbert Morris, On Guilt and Innocence 60

Jeffrie Murphy, Marxism and Retribution 61

James Q. Wilson and Richard J. Herrnstein, Crime and Human Nature 62

Notes and Questions 62

c. The Expressive Argument 63

Joel Feinberg, Doing and Deserving 63

Jean Hampton, Punishment as Defeat 64

Notes and Questions 65

E. Beyond Utility and Desert: Educative Theories of Punishment 65

Herbert Morris, A Paternalistic Theory of Punishment 66

R.A. Duff, Trials and Punishments 67

John Braithwaite, Crime, Shame and Reintegration 68

Erik Luna, Punishment Theory, Holism, and the Procedural Conception of Restorative Justice 69

Notes and Questions 70

F. Proportionality 71

Ewing v. California 71

Notes and Questions 74

G. Sentencing Guidelines 79

Kevin Reitz, Sentencing Guidelines 79

Roger W. Haines Jr., Frank O. Bowman III, Jennifer C. Woll, Federal Sentencing Guidelines Handbook 84

Michael Tonry, The Failure of the U.S. Sentencing Commission's Guidelines 86

Daniel J. Freed, Federal Sentencing in the Wake of Guidelines 87

Apprendi v. New Jersey 87

Notes and Questions 91

II THE ELEMENTS OF THE CRIMINAL OFFENSE 93(198)

2 THE CRIMINAL ACT 95

A. The Need for an Actus Reus 97

Proctor v. State 97

Notes and Questions 100

B. Omissions 102

Notes and Questions 103

C. Possession 105

United States v. Maldonado 106

D. The Requirement of Voluntariness 113

People v. Newton 113

Notes and Questions 114

Martin v. State 114

Notes and Questions 114

People v. Grant 115

Notes and Questions 119

E. The Prohibition of "Status" Crimes 121

Robinson v. California 121

Notes and Questions 123

Johnson v. State 127

Notes and Questions 129

F. Legality 130

United States v. Hudson and Goodwin 130

Notes and Questions 131

State v. Egan 132

Notes and Questions 134

Rogers v. Tennessee 136

Notes and Questions 141

G. Specificity 144

Chicago v. Morales 144

Notes and Questions 148

3 THE GUILTY MIND 157

A. The Requirement of a Guilty Mind 160

People v. Dillard 160

Notes and Questions 163

United States v. Wulff 168

Notes and Questions 170

Lambert v. California 175

Notes and Questions 177

B. Categories of Culpability 180

Regina v. Faulkner 180

Notes and Questions 182

Model Penal Code ? 02 188

Notes and Questions 189

C. Mistake and Mens Rea Default Rules 197

Regina v. Prince 197

Notes and Questions 201

People v. Ryan 203

Notes and Questions 206

D. "Mistake of Law" 212

1. Introduction to Mistake of Law 212

2. Mistake of Law and Mens Rea 215

People v. Bray 215

Notes and Questions 217

United States v. Baker 218

Notes and Questions 219

Cheek v. United States 221

Notes and Questions 224

3. Mistake of Law as an Excuse 226

Commonwealth v. Twitchell 226

Notes and Questions 228

E. Capacity for Mens Rea 231

Hendershott v. The People 231

Notes and Questions 235

State v. Cameron 236

Notes and Questions 239

Montana v. Egelhoff 240

Notes and Questions 241

4 CAUSATION 243

A. "But For" Causation 245

Regina v. Martin Dyos 245

Notes and Questions 247

R. v. Benge 252

Notes and Questions 253

B. Violent Acts 254

Hubbard v. Commonwealth 254

Notes and Questions 256

C. Proximate Cause: Forseeability and Related Limitations 258

Commonwealth v. Rhoades 258

Notes and Questions 259

D. Intervening Causes 263

Commonwealth v. Root 263

Notes and Questions 267

United States v. Hamilton 269

Notes and Questions 272

Stephenson v. State 275

Notes and Questions 278

People v. Kevorkian 280

Notes and Questions 283

E. Causation by Omission: Duties 284

People v. Beardsley 284

Notes and Questions 287

III HOMICIDE OFFENSES 291(190)

Kan. Stat. Ann ㎣21-3401-21-3405 292

Ala. Code ㎣13A-6-2-13A-6-4 294

Cal. Penal Code ㎣187-192 295

Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann., Tit 18, ㎣2502-2506 296

Illinois Compiled Statutes Ann 298

Minnesota Statues Ann 299

Model Penal Code ㎣210 2-210 3 300

N.Y. Pen. Law ㎣125 10-125 27 301

5 INTENTIONAL HOMICIDE 307

A. Intentional Murder (Second-Degree) 307

Francis v. Franklin 307

Notes and Questions 310

B. Premeditated Murder (First-Degree) 312

United States v. Watson 312

Notes and Questions 316

C. Voluntary Manslaughter 321

1. The Theory of Mitigation 321

People v. Walker 322

Notes and Questions 323

2. "Cooling Time" 327

Ex Parte Fraley 327

Notes and Questions 328

3. The Common Law and Its Categories and Rules 331

a. Adultery and Other "Adequate Provocations" 331

Rowland v. State 331

Notes and Questions 332

b. Provocation under Reform Rules 339

People v. Berry 339

Notes and Questions 342

4. Cultural Norms and the Reasonable Person 349

People v. Wu 350

Notes and Questions 358

6 UNINTENTIONAL HOMICIDE 361

A. Involuntary Manslaughter 361

1. Negligent and Reckless Homicide 361

Commonwealth v. Welansky 361

Notes and Questions 365

2. Involuntary Manslaughter in Contemporary Settings 370

State v. Williams 370

Notes and Questions 373

B. Reckless Murder 382

Mayes v. The People 382

Notes and Questions 384

C. Homicide in the Course of Another Crime 392

1. Felony Murder: An Introduction 392

State v. Martin 392

Notes and Questions 397

2. Casual Limitations 406

People v. Hickman 406

Notes and Questions 408

People v. Gladman 411

Notes and Questions 413

3. Dangerous Felony Limitations 415

4. The Independent Felonious Purpose Limitation 418

State v. Shock 418

Notes and Questions 421

5. Two Variants of Felony Murder 424

a. Misdemeanor Manslaughter 424

b. Felony Murder as Sentencing Enhancement 426

7 CAPITAL MURDER AND THE DEATH PENALTY 429

A. An Historical and Constitutional Summary 429

B. The New Capital Statutes 436

1. The Structure of "Guided Discretion" 436

Olsen v. State 436

Notes and Questions 446

2. Mitigating Circumstances 452

3. Weighing the Circumstances 456

C. Categorical Limits on the Death Penalty 458

1. The Mens Rea Limit: A Reprise on Felony Murder 459

Tison v. Arizona 459

Notes and Questions 464

Atkins v. Virginia 464

Notes and Questions 470

2. Victim/Race Discrimination and the Eighth Amendment 472

McCleskey v. Kemp 472

Notes and Questions 477

IV JUSTIFICATION AND EXCUSE 481(148)

A. Distinguishing Justification and Excuse 481

B. Justification, Excuse, and the Purposes of Punishment 483

C. Combining Justification and Excuse 486

8 DEFENSIVE FORCE, NECESSITY, AND DURESS 489

A. Defensive Force 489

1. Elements and Rationales 489

People v. LaVoie 489

Notes and Questions 491

People v. Gleghorn 494

Notes and Questions 496

2. The Reasonable Self-Defender: The Case of the Battered Spouse 497

State v. Leidholm 497

Notes and Questions 504

3. Reprise on the Reasonable Self-Defender 520

People v. Goetz 521

Notes and Questions 524

The Case of People v. Abbott 525

Notes and Questions 527

4. Defensive Force and Law Enforcement 527

Tennessee v. Garner 529

Notes and Questions 532

People v. Ceballos 535

Notes and Questions 538

B. Choice of Evils-Necessity 539

1. The Moral Issue 539

The Queen v. Dudley & Stephens 539

Notes and Questions 543

2. Escape from Intolerable Prison Conditions 549

People v. Unger 549

Notes and Questions 553

3. "Political" Necessity 553

State v. Warshow 553

Notes and Questions 556

C. Duress 559

State v. Crawford 560

Notes and Questions 566

State v. Hunter 571

Notes and Questions 573

9 MENTAL ILLNESS AS A DEFENSE 579

A. Introduction 579

B. The M'Naghten Rule and Cognition 581

People v. Serravo 581

Notes and Questions 591

C. Cognition and Volition: The Road from M'Naghten and Back 597

Smith v. State 600

Notes and Questions 604

D. Reprise: Reassessing the Insanity Defense 615

1. The Continuing Debate over Abolition 615

2. Insanity, the Psychopath, and the Challenge of Biology 617

E. "Quasi-Insanity" Defenses 619

1. Alcohol and Other Drugs 619

2. Specific Disorders 620

a. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder 620

b. Postpartum Psychosis 622

c. Premenstrual Syndrome 623

d. Gambling 624

e. "Multiple Personality" Disorder 625

F. "Diminished Capacity" 626

Notes and Questions 628

V ATTRIBUTION OF CRIMINALITY 629(216)

10 ATTEMPT 631

A. The Punishment for Attempt 631

1. Why Punish Attempt? 631

2. The Emergence of Attempt Liability 632

George Fletcher, Rethinking Criminal Law 632

3. The Grading of Attempt 633

Model Penal Code ? 05 633

B. The Mens Rea for Attempt 635

State v. Lyerla 635

Notes and Questions 638

C. The Actus Reus of Attempt 642

1. Preparation vs. Attempt 642

People v. Murray 642

Notes and Questions 643

McQuirter v. State 645

Notes and Questions 647

People v. Rizzo 648

Notes and Questions 650

2. Abandonment 655

People v. Staples 655

Notes and Questions 657

3. Solicitation 659

People v. Lubow 659

Notes and Questions 662

D. Impossibility 665

Booth v. State 665

Notes and Questions 673

People v. Dlugash 678

Notes and Questions 682

People v. Thousand 683

Notes and Questions 686

11 COMPLICITY 689

A. The Accessorial Act 691

State v. Ochoa 691

Notes and Questions 696

State v. Tally 702

Notes and Questions 710

B. Mens Rea of Complicity 713

1. "Perpetrator Liability" and "Aid Culpability" 714

People v. Beeman 714

Notes and Questions 718

2. "Perpetrator Culpability" and "Offense Culpability" 722

Wilson v. People 723

Notes and Questions 725

3. "Offense Culpability" and "Aid Culpability" 726

State v. Etzweiler 726

Notes and Questions 728

C. Act and Mens Rea: An Exercise 731

The Killing of Yusuf Hawkins 731

Notes and Questions 734

D. Relations of Parties 735

1. The Perpetrator Is Excused 736

2. The Perpetrator Is Justified 737

3. The Perpetrator Lacks Mens Rea 738

4. Discrepant Mens Rea 739

5. One of the Parties Lacks a Required Status for the Crime 741

E. The "Straw Man" Gun Purchase: A Closing Exercise on Complicity 746

12 CONSPIRACY 749

A. The Nature of Conspiracy 750

Stale v. Derive 750

Notes and Questions 752

B. The Agreement 758

Griffin v. State 758

Notes and Questions 760

United States v. Zacarias Moussaoui 764

United States v. Recio 767

Notes and Questions 769

C. The Mens Rea of Conspiracy 770

People v. Lauria 770

Notes and Questions 777

D. Special Mens Rea Problems of Conspiracy 778

E. The Incidents of Conspiracy 780

United States v. Diaz 780

Notes and Questions 782

F. The Parties to and Objects of Conspiracy 790

1. Bilateral and Unilateral Conspiracies 790

2. The Scope of the Conspiracy 796

a. Single vs. Multiple Conspiracies 796

Jerome Campane, Chains, Wheels, and the Single Conspiracy 796

G. The RICO Statute and the Frontier of Conspiracy 802

1. The Statute 802

?961. Definitions 804

2. RICO Penalties 804

a. Section 1962(a) Violations 804

b. Section 1962(b) Violations 805

c. Section 1962(c) Violations 805

3. The "Pattern" Requirement 809

4. RICO Conspiracies 811

United States v. Neapolitan 811

Notes and Questions 814

13 CRIMINAL LIABILITY OF CORPORATIONS 817

A. Respondeat Superior and the Premises of Corporate Liability 817

State v. Christy Pontiac- GMC, Inc 817

Notes and Questions 820

United States v. Hilton Hotels Corp 823

Notes and Questions 824

B. The MPC and the "Corporate Mind" 825

Model Penal Code ? 07 825

Model Penal Code and Commentaries, Part 1 826

Notes and Questions 828

C. Corporate Homicide 837

Commonwealth v. Mcllwain School Bus Lines 837

Notes and Questions 839

VI ADDITIONAL OFFENSES 845

14 THEFT OFFENSES 847

A. Theft 847

1. The Meaning of Theft 847

Commonwealth v. Mitchneck 847

Notes and Questions 848

2. The Development of Theft Offenses 848

The Case of the Carrier Who Broke Bulk 849

Rex v. Chisser 850

The King v. Pear 851

Notes and Questions 852

B. Fraud 861

1. False Pretenses 861

People v. Sattlekau 861

Notes and Questions 865

2. Scheme to Defraud in Federal Law 866

Durland v. United States 866

Notes and Questions 868

C. Extortion 874

People v. Dioguardi 874

Notes and Questions 878

McCormick v. United States 882

Notes and Questions 884

D. Robbery 887

Lear v. State 887

Notes and Questions 888

E. Burglary 890

State v. Colvin 891

Notes and Questions 893

15 RAPE 897

A. Introduction 897

1. Defining Rape 897

2. Some Facts About Rape in the United States 898

3. The Evolution of Rape Rules 900

B. The Requirement of "Utmost Resistance" 902

Brown v. State 903

Notes and Questions 904

C. "Reasonable" or "Earnest" Resistance 905

People v. Dorsey 906

Notes and Questions 909

D. Force 912

People v. Barnes 912

Notes and Questions 918

E. Nonconsent 924

State v. Smith 924

Notes and Questions 926

F. Lack of Affirmative Expression of Consent 929

In the Interest of M.T.S 929

Notes and Questions 935

G. Incapacity to Consent 936

State v. Moorman 936

Notes and Questions 938

H. Rape by Extortion 941

Commonwealth v. Mlinarich 941

Notes and Questions 943

I. Rape by Fraud 945

Boro v. People 945

Notes and Questions 947

J. Mens Rea 950

Commonwealth v. Fischer 950

Notes and Questions 956

K. Evidentiary Reforms 961

L. Marital Rape 966

People v. Liberta 966

Notes and Questions 970

Appendix A A NOTE ON THE MODEL PENAL CODE 971

McClain and Dan Kahan, Criminal Law Reform: Historical Development in the United States 971

Appendix B THE MODEL PENAL CODE 975

Table of Cases 1027

Table of Model Penal Code Sections 1033

Index 1035