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목차
List of Tables xi
List of Figures xiii
List of Maps and Photographs zv
Acknowledgments xvii
INTRODUCTION 1
I "HEAVEN, EARTH, AND MAN" IN NORTH CHINA 13
History of the Hai River System 15
The Hai River Basin of North China 20
Climate of the Hai River Basin 24
Historical Climate 27
Floods, Droughts, and Disasters 30
The Local Records and Social Consequences of Disasters 34
Conclusion 36
2 MANAGING THE RIVERS: EMPERORS AS ENGINEERS 38
Kangxi and the Yongding River 41
Yongzheng, Prince Yi, and a Comprehensive Plan 44
Qianlong and Routinization 50
Jiaqing: Heroic Hydraulics 56
Daoguang: Earnest Efforts 62
Fin-de-siecle Floods 66
Local Initiatives 68
Emperors, Bureaucrats, and Ecology 71
3 POPULATION, AGRICULTURE, AND FOOD 74
Population and Land 75
Land and Agriculture Under Manchu Rule 87
Agriculture: Grains and Other Crops 90
Cropping Patterns and Yields 101
Diet and Standard of Living 105
Not Quite a Malthusian Tale 109
4 FOOD AND PRICES 111
Long-Term Price Trends 113
Multicropping and Seasonality 120
Natural Crises and Harvests 126
The Copper Coin-Silver Exchange Rate 133
Conclusion 142
5 PROVISIONING BEIJING 144
Beijing and Grain Tribute 144
Grain Stipends: Distribution, Timing, and Sales 150
Pingtiao and the Beijing Market 155
Social Unrest, Pingtiao, and Soup Kitchens 158
Markets, Merchants, and Gendarmerie 161
Conclusion 164
6 STORING GRAIN: GRANARIES AS SOLUTION AND PROBLEM 166
Granaries in Chinese History 167
Kangxi- Yongzheng Origins 168
Ever-Normal Granaries in the Qianlong Period 169
Ever-Normal Granaries in the Jiaqing and Daoguang Periods 176
Community and Charity Granaries 180
External Grain Supplies 185
Conclusion 190
7 MARKETS AND PRICES 196
Market Integration Within Zhili 198
Price Integration with Other Regions 214
Conclusion 217
8 FAMINE RELIEF: THE HIGH QING MODEL 221
Famine Investigation 223
General Relief 225
Grain Versus Cash/ Millet Versus Sorghum 226
Soup Kitchens 228
Pingtiao 229
Tax Remissions 230
Shelters and Famine Refugees 233
1743-1744: Famine Relief Model 236
1759: Disaster Without Relief 241
1761-1763 and Later: Relief with and Without Disaster 244
Overall Evaluation 246
9 FAMINE RELIEF: NINETEENTH-CENTURY DEVOLUTION 250
The 1801 Flood 250
The 1813-1814 Crisis 255
Daoguang Crises and Corruption 262
Midcentury Political Crisis 266
The 1871-1872 Floods and the Li Hongzhang Era 268
The 1876-1879 North China Famine 272
The 189°-1895 Floods 277
Conclusion 281
10 THE "LAND OF FAMINE," 1900-1949 283
1917 and Later Floods 285
The 1920-1921 Drought and International Aid 295
The 1928-1930 North China Drought and National Crisis 303
Conclusion 307
II RURAL CRISIS AND ECONOMIC CHANGE, 19°0-1949 310
Famine and Poverty 313
Changes in the Economy 316
Local Experiences 321
Economic Trends 331
Japanese Aggression, Communist Insurgency, and Rural Poverty 335
Conclusion 339
12 FOOD AND FAMINE UNDER SOCIALIST RULE, 1949-1990S 341
Population, Agriculture, and Grain in Hebei 345
Socialism and Subsistence in Hebei, 1949-1958 and Beyond 352
The Great Leap Famine, 1959-1961 357
Controlling Nature 364
Unleashing the Market 371
Regulating the Grain Market 373
Conclusion 375
CONCLUSION 377
Reign Periods of the Qing Dynasty (I644- I9II) and Use of Dates 389
Weights and Measures 391
Glossary (Chinese Characters) 393
Appendices
Appendix I: Prefectures and Counties in Zhili Province in Qing Period 399
Appendix 2: Data 405
Appendix 3: Quantitative Methods 413
Abbreviations Used in Notes 419
Notes 421
Bibliography 483
Gazetteers List 507
lndex 509
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