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List of Tables xi

List of Figures xiii

List of Maps and Photographs zv

Acknowledgments xvii

INTRODUCTION 1

I "HEAVEN, EARTH, AND MAN" IN NORTH CHINA 13

History of the Hai River System 15

The Hai River Basin of North China 20

Climate of the Hai River Basin 24

Historical Climate 27

Floods, Droughts, and Disasters 30

The Local Records and Social Consequences of Disasters 34

Conclusion 36

2 MANAGING THE RIVERS: EMPERORS AS ENGINEERS 38

Kangxi and the Yongding River 41

Yongzheng, Prince Yi, and a Comprehensive Plan 44

Qianlong and Routinization 50

Jiaqing: Heroic Hydraulics 56

Daoguang: Earnest Efforts 62

Fin-de-siecle Floods 66

Local Initiatives 68

Emperors, Bureaucrats, and Ecology 71

3 POPULATION, AGRICULTURE, AND FOOD 74

Population and Land 75

Land and Agriculture Under Manchu Rule 87

Agriculture: Grains and Other Crops 90

Cropping Patterns and Yields 101

Diet and Standard of Living 105

Not Quite a Malthusian Tale 109

4 FOOD AND PRICES 111

Long-Term Price Trends 113

Multicropping and Seasonality 120

Natural Crises and Harvests 126

The Copper Coin-Silver Exchange Rate 133

Conclusion 142

5 PROVISIONING BEIJING 144

Beijing and Grain Tribute 144

Grain Stipends: Distribution, Timing, and Sales 150

Pingtiao and the Beijing Market 155

Social Unrest, Pingtiao, and Soup Kitchens 158

Markets, Merchants, and Gendarmerie 161

Conclusion 164

6 STORING GRAIN: GRANARIES AS SOLUTION AND PROBLEM 166

Granaries in Chinese History 167

Kangxi- Yongzheng Origins 168

Ever-Normal Granaries in the Qianlong Period 169

Ever-Normal Granaries in the Jiaqing and Daoguang Periods 176

Community and Charity Granaries 180

External Grain Supplies 185

Conclusion 190

7 MARKETS AND PRICES 196

Market Integration Within Zhili 198

Price Integration with Other Regions 214

Conclusion 217

8 FAMINE RELIEF: THE HIGH QING MODEL 221

Famine Investigation 223

General Relief 225

Grain Versus Cash/ Millet Versus Sorghum 226

Soup Kitchens 228

Pingtiao 229

Tax Remissions 230

Shelters and Famine Refugees 233

1743-1744: Famine Relief Model 236

1759: Disaster Without Relief 241

1761-1763 and Later: Relief with and Without Disaster 244

Overall Evaluation 246

9 FAMINE RELIEF: NINETEENTH-CENTURY DEVOLUTION 250

The 1801 Flood 250

The 1813-1814 Crisis 255

Daoguang Crises and Corruption 262

Midcentury Political Crisis 266

The 1871-1872 Floods and the Li Hongzhang Era 268

The 1876-1879 North China Famine 272

The 189°-1895 Floods 277

Conclusion 281

10 THE "LAND OF FAMINE," 1900-1949 283

1917 and Later Floods 285

The 1920-1921 Drought and International Aid 295

The 1928-1930 North China Drought and National Crisis 303

Conclusion 307

II RURAL CRISIS AND ECONOMIC CHANGE, 19°0-1949 310

Famine and Poverty 313

Changes in the Economy 316

Local Experiences 321

Economic Trends 331

Japanese Aggression, Communist Insurgency, and Rural Poverty 335

Conclusion 339

12 FOOD AND FAMINE UNDER SOCIALIST RULE, 1949-1990S 341

Population, Agriculture, and Grain in Hebei 345

Socialism and Subsistence in Hebei, 1949-1958 and Beyond 352

The Great Leap Famine, 1959-1961 357

Controlling Nature 364

Unleashing the Market 371

Regulating the Grain Market 373

Conclusion 375

CONCLUSION 377

Reign Periods of the Qing Dynasty (I644- I9II) and Use of Dates 389

Weights and Measures 391

Glossary (Chinese Characters) 393

Appendices

Appendix I: Prefectures and Counties in Zhili Province in Qing Period 399

Appendix 2: Data 405

Appendix 3: Quantitative Methods 413

Abbreviations Used in Notes 419

Notes 421

Bibliography 483

Gazetteers List 507

lndex 509

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Fighting famine in North China : state, market, and environmental decline, 1690s-1990s 이용현황 표 - 등록번호, 청구기호, 권별정보, 자료실, 이용여부로 구성 되어있습니다.
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North China has been regularly visited by droughts and floods, particularly in recent centuries, and Li (history, Swarthmore College) focuses on the Hai River Basin as one important region now comprising the province of Hebei and parts of adjacent jurisdictions, including the independent municipalities of Beijing and Tianjin. Over the past three centuries, she says, increasing siltation, excessive engineering, and periodic neglect have led the river to overflow frequently, but the environmental decline and agricultural limitations have been balanced in part by the region's political centrality. She describes conditions, events, and efforts in a generally chronological sequence. Annotation ⓒ2007 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

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