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List of Tables=x

List of Figures=xiii

Acknowledgments=xv

1. Extraordinary Events and Public Opinion=1

Catastrophes as Regular Critical Moments in American Politics=3

The Political Importance of Collective Experiences and Attributions of Blame=7

Hurricane Katrina as a Test Case=9

Advantages and Limits of Our Tests=14

Overview of the Book=16

2. A Theoretical Framework for Systematically Examining Extraordinary Events=22

Normal Politics versus Extraordinary Moments=24

Extraordinary Events as Political Context=27

Media Coverage and the Information Environment in Extraordinary Events=29

Public Reactions : Affective Attributions of Blame in Times of Crises=34

Affective Attributions and Their Consequences for Political Opinions=39

Affective Attributions and the Anger―Punishment Link=42

Summary and Conclusions=44

3. The Media Message Environment and the Emotional Context of Hurricane Katrina=46

Media Data=46

Public Attentiveness and Media Selection Following Hurricane Katrina=48

Emotional Primes in Coverage of Hurricane Katrina=50

Affective Engagement of the Public=54

Media, Politics, and Blame Following Hurricane Katrina=60

Summary and Conclusions=74

4. Affective Attributions : Assigning Blame during Extraordinary Times=76

Public Agreement with Blame Frames=77

Empirical Expectations from the Theory of Affective Attributions=82

Empirical Models and Results, Attributions of Blame=84

Race and Attributions of Blame=93

The Emotional Fallout from Attribution of Blame=98

Empirical Models and Results, Anger=100

Summary and Conclusions=103

5. Federalism in a Multiple-Message Environment : Are the Appropriate Leaders Held Accountable?=105

Evaluations of the Performance of Leaders during Hurricane Katrina=107

Attributions and the Assignment of Political Responsibility=108

Multiple Messages, Federalism, and Assignment of Responsibility=111

Empirical Models and Results=118

Direct Effects of Anxiety and Anger on Evaluation=129

Conditional Effects of Anger on Evaluation=130

Summary and Conclusions=133

6. Attributions of Blame, Political Efficacy, and Confidence in Government=135

Public Confidence in Government=137

Efficacy, Confidence, and the Case of Hurricane Katrina=139

Empirical Results, Confidence in Government=147

Examining Longer-Term Effects of Katrina with a Cuing Experiment=155

Summary and Conclusions=158

7. Attributions, Emotions, and Policy Consequences=160

Informational and Punitive Policy Proposals Following Hurricane Katrina=161

Results of Ordered-Probit Models of Agreement with Proposed Policies=170

A Closer Look at Limiting Presidential Authority and Understanding the Influence of Emotion=177

Summary and Conclusions=181

8. Extraordinary Events and Public Opinion : Some Broader Perspectives=183

A Review of Individual-Level Findings=185

Collective Trauma, Shared History, and the Political Implications of Disasters=189

Some Final Normative Thoughts=198

Appendix A. Survey Data and Methodology=201

Appendix B. Data and Methodology for Survey Experiment=202

Appendix C. Coding of News Transcripts and Video Data=204

Methodology for Video Coding of FNC and CNN Broadcasts=204

Methodology for Transcript Coding for ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN, and FNC Broadcasts=205

Appendix D. Multivariate Model Results for Chapter 4=208

Appendix E. Multivariate Model Results for Chapter 5=212

Appendix F. Multivariate Model Results for Chapter 6=214

Appendix G. Multivariate Model Results for Chapter 7=219

References=223

Index=247

Tables

1.1. Selected Major Disasters Covered by NBC Nightly News, 1986-2010, Ordered by Amount of Coverage=6

3.1. Emotional Engagement by Level of Attentiveness=57

3.2. Attention and Emotion, by Race(Std Errors)=59

3.3. Percentage of All News Segments Containing Implicit or Explicit Attributions of Blame, Transcript Segments=71

4.1. Distribution of Public Responses to Attributions of Blame, in Percentages=79

4.2. Distributions of Responses of Belief that State Failure Had an Effect on National Government Response Time, in Percentages=79

4.3. Agreement with Attributions by Partisanship, in Percentages=81

4.4. Ordered-Probit Models of Attributions of Blame, Select Coefficients for Focal Variables=86

4.5. Predicted Probabilities of Agreement with Societal Breakdown Frames, by Race=95

4.6. Select Ordered-Probit Coefficients from the Model of Anger=102

5.1. Evaluations of Leader Performance in the First Few Days after the Storm, in Percentages=108

5.2. Mean Evaluations of President Bush, Governor Blanco, and Mayor Nagin=114

5.3. Mean Evaluations of Bush, Blanco, and Nagin by Dominant Attribution Frame=117

5.4. Select Ordered-Probit Coefficients from Models of Evaluations of Leaders=119

5.5. Predicted Probabilities of Evaluations of Bush, Blanco, and Nagin, by Party and Attribution to Nature=124

5.6. Predicted Probabilities of Evaluations of Bush, Blanco, and Nagin, by Party and Attribution to National Government=125

5.7. Comparing Coefficients across Performance Models of Bush with and without the Angry Interaction=131

6.1. Ordered-Probit Models of External Efficacy=144

6.2. Individual-Level Confidence in Government to Handle Future Catastrophes, in Percentages=149

6.3. Select Ordered-Probit Coefficients from Models of Confidence in Government to Handle Future Crises=150

6.4. Predicted Probabilities of Feeling Less Confident, by Attribution Agreement and Level of Anger=152

6.5. Select Coefficients from a Negative Binomial Model of Lowered Confidence in Crisis Response=154

6.6. Experimental Effects of Crisis Prompts on Level of Confidence in Government=156

6.7. Selected Coefficients, Ordered-Probit Models of Confidence in Government=157

7.1. Public Opinions about Post-Katrina Policies, in Percentages=162

7.2. Select Coefficients from Ordered-Probit Models of Public Policy Preferences=171

7.3. Predicted Probability of Agreement and Disagreement with Policy When the Independent Variable Is at Its Minimum and Maximum=173

8.1. Summary of Main Hypotheses and Supportive Evidence=186

D.1. Ordered-Probit Models of Attributions of Blame=209

D.2. Ordered-Probit Model of Anger about New Orleans=211

E.1. Ordered-Probit Models of Evaluations of Leaders=212

E.2. Ordered-Probit Models of Evaluations of Leaders with Anger Interaction=213

F.1. Ordered-Probit Model of External Efficacy=215

F.2. Ordered-Probit Models of Confidence in National Government to Handle Future Catastrophes=216

F.3. Negative Binomial Model of "Less Confident" Count=217

F.4. Ordered-Probit Model of Confidence in Government to Assist Victims and Maintain Order=218

G.1. Ordered-Probit Models of Policy Preferences=220

G.2. Ordered-Probit Models of Policy Preferences, with Emotion Interactions=221

Figures

2.1. Overview of the Opinion Formation Process during Extraordinary Events=24

2.2. Causal Linkages in Opinion Formation during Extraordinary Events=41

3.1. Average Primetime News Viewers Based on Nielsen Ratings for FNC, CNN, and MSNBC, Combined=47

3.2. Count of Attributions of Blame on All Networks, Three-Day Moving Average=73

4.1. Effects of Party Identification on Agreement with Attribution to National Government, Conditioned by Level of Anxiety=88

4.2. Effects of Party Identification on Agreement with Attribution to State Government, Conditioned by Level of Anxiety=88

4.3. Effects of Party Identification on Agreement with Criminal Behavior Attribution, Conditioned by Level of Anxiety=90

4.4. Effects of Party Identification on Agreement with Attribution to Nature, Conditioned by Level of Anxiety=90

4.5. Effects of Party Identification on Agreement with Non-evacuation Attribution, Conditioned by Level of Anxiety=91

4.6. Effects of Party Identification on Agreement with National Government Attribution, No-Anxiety and Low-Anxiety Respondents=93

5.1. Effect of Attribution of Blame to National Government on the Probability of a "Poor" Evaluation of President Bush, Conditioned by Level of Anger=132

6.1. Predicted Probabilities of Feeling Efficacious by Levels of Blame Attribution and Anger=146

6.2. Predicted Probabilities of Confidence in Government, by Experimental Prompt=158

7.1. The Effect of Blaming National Government on Agreement with Limiting Presidential Authority, Conditioned by Level of Anger=179

7.2. The Effect of Party Identification on Agreement with Limiting Presidential Authority, Conditioned by Level of Anxiety=180

8.1. Frequency of Disaster Polling Questions, 1986-2010=196

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Catastrophic politics : how extraordinary events redefine perceptions of government 이용현황 표 - 등록번호, 청구기호, 권별정보, 자료실, 이용여부로 구성 되어있습니다.
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Shocking moments in society create an extraordinary political environment that permits political and opinion changes that are unlikely during times of normal politics. Strong emotions felt by the public during catastrophes - even if experienced only vicariously through media coverage - are a powerful motivator of public opinion and activism. This is particularly true when emotional reactions coincide with attributing blame to governmental agencies or officials. By examining public opinion during one extraordinary event, the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, Lonna Rae Atkeson and Cherie D. Maestas show how media information interacts with emotion in shaping a wide range of political opinions about government and political leaders. Catastrophic events bring citizens together, provide common experiences and information, and create opinions that transcend traditional political boundaries. These moments encourage citizens to re-examine their understanding of government, its leaders and its role in a society from a less partisan perspective.

Demonstrates how media information interacts with emotion in shaping a wide range of political opinions about government and political leaders.

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