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List of illustrations=ix

List of abbreviations=xi

Preface and acknowledgements=xiii

SECTION I. Introduction=1

1. Introduction : towards a critical political economy of science(or why the economics of science cannot be an economics of science!?)=3

SECTION II. The commercialisation of science and the construction of the knowledge-based bio-economy=41

2. The knowledge-based bio-economy : knowledge and nature as sources of value?=43

3. The KBBE reality : the case of agriculture=63

4. Intellectual property rights and the global commodification of knowledge=90

5. Privatising Chinese science : national development versus neoliberal financialisation=117

SECTION III. Critical realism and the importance of ontological attention=143

6. Towards a critical realist economics : refinements to 'realism'=145

7. Critical realism and beyond in economics=162

8. The realist transcendental argument=181

Notes=192

References=201

Index=225

Tables

1.1. Relating 'economics' and 'science'=23

2.1. 'The main features of emergent and consolidated networks'=55

4.1. Utility patents issued to US universities and colleges, 1969-2004=105

5.1. China's recent S&T indicators=121

5.2. Phases of China's economic reforms and of neoliberalism=123

5.3. Timeline of China's science reform=126

Figures

1.1. Total funding of US science by source, 1953-2008=7

1.2. Growth in federal and private funding of total US R&D, 1968-2008=8

1.3. Growth in US university funding, 1968-2008=8

1.4. Private funding of US university research, 1953-2008=12

1.5. The economics of science(I)=26

1.6. The economics of science(II)=34

2.1. Knowledge in a capitalist economy=53

3.1. The global KBE treadmill=82

4.1. Profits/revenues for top 500 US companies, 1970-2005=101

4.2. US patents granted per year, 1975-2005=104

4.3. Federal versus private funding as % of total R&D budget=106

4.4. Receipts of royalties and licence fees=114

4.5. Annual growth rates for patenting and private funding at US universities=115

5.1. The transformation of Chinese R&D from URI-led to business-led=129

5.2. Domestic invention patents granted, 1991-2006=131

5.3. Share of invention patents granted by institutional type, 1991-2006=132

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The economics of science : a critical realist overview. v. 1, Illustration and philosophical preliminaries 이용현황 표 - 등록번호, 청구기호, 권별정보, 자료실, 이용여부로 구성 되어있습니다.
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출판사 책소개

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Dramatic and controversial changes in the funding of science over the past two decades, towards its increasing commercialization, have stimulated a huge literature trying to set out an "economics of science". Whether broadly in favour or against these changes, the vast majority of these frameworks employ ahistorical analyses that cannot conceptualise, let alone address, the questions of "why have these changes occurred?" and "why now?" Nor, therefore, can they offer much insight into the crucial question of future trends. Given the growing importance of science and innovation in an age of both a globalizing knowledge-based economy (itself in crisis) and enormous challenges that demand scientific and technological responses, these are significant gaps in our understanding of important contemporary social processes.

This book argues that the fundamental underlying problem in all cases is the ontological shallowness of these theories, which can only be remedied by attention to ontological presuppositions. Conversely, a critical realist approach affords the integration of a realist political economy into the analysis of the economics of science that does afford explicit attention to these crucial questions; a ‘cultural political economy of research and innovation’ (CPERI). Accordingly, the book sets out an introduction to the existing literature on the economics of science together with novel discussion of the field from a critical realist perspective. In arguing thus across levels of abstraction, however, the book also explores how concerted engagement with substantive social enquiry and theoretical debate develops and strengthens critical realism as a philosophical project, rather than simply ‘applying’ it.

Divided into two volumes, in this first volume the book explores the ‘top’ and ‘tail’ of the argument, regarding substantive and philosophical aspects. Starting with substantive illustrations, we explore the social challenges associated with the contemporary commercialization of science and the movement towards a knowledge-based bio-economy. Having shown the explanatory benefits of assuming a realist political economy perspective, the book then turns to the task of reconstructing and justifying that theoretical perspective. True to the overall argument regarding attention to ontological presuppositions, this starts with critical realism’s critique of mainstream economics but also develops critical realism itself towards what may be called a ‘transcendental constructivism’.



Dramatic and controversial changes in the funding of science over the past two decades have stimulated a huge literature trying to set out an "economics of science". Whether broadly in favour or against these changes, the vast majority of these frameworks employ ahistorical analyses that cannot conceptualise, let alone address, the questions of "why have these changes occurred?" and "why now?"

This book argues that the fundamental underlying problem in all cases is the ontological shallowness of these theories, which can only be remedied by attention to ontological presuppositions. Accordingly, Tyfield sets out an introduction to the existing literature on the economics of science together with novel discussion of the field from a critical realist perspective in ways that also develop critical realism as a philosophical project. The first of two volumes, this book explores substantive illustrations of the social challenges associated with the commercialization of science before turning to a critical engagement with critical realism’s critique of mainstream economics that underpins the project as a whole.



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