영문목차

List of Figures=xi

List of Tables=xiv

List of Boxes=xvii

List of Contributors=xviii

Introduction / By Tito Boeri=1

Part I. Understanding Highly Skilled Migration in Developed Countries : The Upcoming Battle for Brains / By Herbert Brücker ; Simone Bertoli ; Giovanni Facchini ; Anna Maria Mayda ; Giovanni Peri=15

Introduction=17

1. Selecting the Highly Skilled : An Overview of Current Policy Approaches=23

1.1. A classification of skill-selective immigration policies=24

1.2. Skill-selective immigration policies in traditional immigration countries=25

1.3. Skill-selective immigration policies at the EU level=29

1.4. Skill-selective immigration policies in a group of EU member countries=30

1.5. Present and future policies to attract highly skilled immigrants : evidence based on UN data=34

1.6. Conclusions=35

2. Global Trends in Highly Skilled Immigration=36

2.1. Highly skilled immigrants in the OECD=37

2.2. How large is the global pool of highly skilled labour?=47

2.3. Looking at the top of the skill distribution=50

2.4. The competition for foreign students=54

2.5. How do highly skilled immigrants assimilate into host labour markets?=60

2.6. Conclusions=64

3. The Determinants of Highly Skilled Migration : Evidence from OECD Countries 1980-2005=66

3.1. The empirical model=68

3.2. Data=71

3.3. Regression results=81

3.4. Discussion and conclusions=93

4. The Effects of Brain Gain on Growth, Investment, and Employment : Evidence from OECD Countries, 1980-2005=106

4.1. A production function framework=108

4.2. Data on employment, capital intensity, and productivity=111

4.3. The effects of immigration and brain gain=112

4.4. The effects of immigration and brain gain in bad economic times=121

4.5. Conclusions=124

5. The Political Economy of Skilled Immigration=127

5.1. The elements of a political economy model of immigration policy=128

5.2. Understanding individual attitudes towards skilled migrants=130

5.3. From individual preferences to immigration policy=144

5.4. Empirical assessment=149

5.5. Conclusions=156

6. Can the Battle for Brains turn into a Tragedy of the Commons?=169

6.1. International mobility of labour and human capital formation at origin=172

6.2. A model of the Battle for Brains=175

6.3. Conclusions=182

7. Conclusions=184

7.1. Incremental shifts toward more skill-selective immigration policies=184

7.2. Skilled migration flows are concentrated in a few countries characterized by skill-selective immigration polices=185

7.3. The wage premium for education and skill-selective immigration policies is an important driver of skilled migration=186

7.4. Immigration and the brain gain are beneficial for receiving economies=186

7.5. How do immigration and the brain gain affect economies in the downturn of the business cycle?=187

7.6. Why do skill-selective immigration policies not find more support?=187

7.7. Will the policy equilibrium shift towards more skill-selective immigration policies?=188

7.8. Can the upcoming skill contest produce losers among destination and sending countries?=188

References=190

Comments=199

Franco Peracchi=199

Sascha Becker=203

Part II. Quantifying the Impact of Highly Skilled Emigration on Developing Countries / By Frédéric Docquier ; Hillel Rapoport=209

Introduction=211

8. The Size of the Brain Drain=213

8.1. Extensive measures of the brain drain=214

8.2. Magnitude of 'South-South' migration=220

8.3. Accounting for country of training=223

8.4. The brain drain of scientists and health professionals=225

9. Theory, Evidence, and Implications=233

9.1. Endogenizing economic performances=234

9.2. The human capital channel=238

9.3. The screening-selection channel=250

9.4. The productivity channel=254

9.5. The institutional channel=261

9.6. Summing up : brain drain and economic performance=267

9.7. The transfer channel=272

10. Policy Issues=277

10.1. Implications for education (and other) policies in sending countries=278

10.2. Immigration (and emigration) policy=281

10.3. Taxation policy : the case for a Bhagwati tax=284

10.4. Migration flows and immigration policy in times of crisis=287

11. Conclusion=290

References=291

Comments=297

Antonio Spilimbergo=297

Alessandra Venturini=302

Index=309

List of Boxes

5.1. The political economy of international factor mobility=146

9.1. Predicting GDP per capita=237

9.2. Brain drain and human capital accumulation=240

9.3. Brain drain and the screening channel=253

9.4. Brain drain and total factor productivity=256

9.5. Brain drain and remittances=274

1.1. The Canadian point system.=26

1.2. The Australian skilled migration system, 2009.=27

1.3. The New Zealand point system.=28

1.4. The UK point-based system(Tier 1).=31

1.5. Governments' policy on highly skilled immigrants by income group, 2007.=34

2.1. Immigrants with tertiary education in OECD countries, 2001.=40

2.2. Source countries of highly skilled immigrants in the OECD by income level, 2001.=44

2.3. Source countries of highly skilled immigrants in the OECD by region, 2001.=45

2.4. Immigrant and emigrant population with tertiary education in OECD countries, 2001.=47

2.5. Total population and immigrants with tertiary education by country groups, 2001.=48

2.6. Immigrant and native population with a PhD degree, 2001.=51

2.7. Immigrant population with a completed university degree in selected OECD countries, 1970-2005.=52

2.8. Immigrants with tertiary education in key management and highly skilled professional positions, 2006.=53

2.9. Foreign students by educational programme in the OECD, 2006.=57

2.10. Field of study of foreign and native students(ISCED 5 and ISCED 6), 2006.=58

A2.1. Wage income by selected skill groups in USA and Canada, 2000/01.=65

A2.2. Wage income by selected occupations in USA and Canada, 2000/01.=65

3.1. Basic specifications : effects of average wage and wage premia on total immigration and the selection of immigrants, 14 OECD receiving countries, 1980-2005.=83

3.2 Effect of immigration laws on total immigration and selection by education.=86

3.3 Effect of welfare generosity on total immigration and selection by education.=89

3.4 Effect of labour market regulation on total immigration and selection by education.=90

3.5 Effect of R&D intensity on total immigration and selection by education.=92

A3.1. List of the countries of origin of migrants for the bilateral migration data.=104

A3.2. Percentage of immigrants with tertiary education, 14 OECD countries 1985, 1995, and 2005.=104

A3.3. Correlation matrix for the immigration laws(14 countries, 1980-2005).=105

A3.4. Country-specific effects in attracting immigrants and in selecting highly educated.=105

4.1. Impact of yearly immigrant flows and share of highly educated immigrants : yearly changes, OLS estimates.=113

4.2. First stage of the 2SLS : power of the instruments.=117

4.3. Impact of yearly immigrant flows and share of highly educated immigrants : yearly changes, 2SLS estimates.=119

4.4. Five-year differences 2SLS estimates, instruments : gravity push-factors only.=120

4.5. Impact of immigration in 'normal' and 'bad' economic times : period 1980-2005, 2SLS estimates, instruments : gravity push-factors only.=123

A4.1. Annualized growth rates of inputs, productivity, and output.=126

5.1. Correlations between pro-immigration attitudes and, respectively, individual skill and income through the labour market and the welfare state channels.=134

5.2. Economic and non-economic determinants of attitudes.=136

5.3. Summary statistics of individual-level variables(ESS).=141

5.4. Summary statistics of individual-level variables by country and of country-level variables(ESS).=142

5.5. Determinants of individual attitudes towards skilled migration(ESS).=143

5.6. Does the median voter rule?=150

5.7. The impact of interest groups on US H1B visas.=156

A5.1. Summary statistics of individual attitudes towards immigration(ISSP 1995) and country-level variables.=163

A5.2. Summary statistics of individual attitudes towards immigration(ISSP 2003) and country-level variables.=164

A5.3. Heckman selection model―ISSP 1995.=165

A5.4. Heckman selection model―ISSP 2003.=167

8.1. Top-30 suppliers PhDs to the USA.=226

8.2. Researchers employed in science and technology in the USA in 2003.=228

9.1. Empirical analysis of the incentive mechanism.=244

9.2. Robustness analysis of the incentive mechanism.=246

9.3. Explaining TFP growth with diaspora externalities.=258

9.4. Skilled migration and FDI accumulation.=265