영문목차

Preface=x

About the Authors=xvii

A Letter from the Author=xix

PART I. The American System=1

Chapter 1. The Study of American Government=2

What Is Political Power?=5

What Is Democracy?=7

Is Representative Democracy Best?=8

How Is Political Power Distributed?=10

Is Democracy Driven by Self-Interest?=12

What Explains Political Change?=12

The Nature of Politics=13

Chapter 2. The Constitution=20

The Problem of Liberty=21

The Colonial Mind=22

The Real Revolution=23

Weaknesses of the Confederation=24

The Constitutional Convention=25

The Lessons of Experience=25

The Framers=26

The Challenge=27

The Virginia Plan=28

The New Jersey Plan=28

The Compromise=29

The Constitution and Democracy=29

Key Principles=30

Government and Human Nature=37

The Constitution and Liberty=32

The Antifederalist View=33

Need for a Bill of Rights=36

The Constitution and Slavery=37

The Motives of the Framers=39

Economic Interests=39

The Constitution and Equality=40

Constitutional Reform : Modern Views=41

Reducing the Separation of Powers=41

Making the System Less Democratic=44

Who Is Right?=45

Chapter 3. Federalism=50

Why Federalism Matters=51

The Founding=52

A Bold, New Plan=53

Elastic Language=54

The Debate on the Meaning of Federalism=55

The Supreme Court Speaks=55

Nullification=55

Dual Federalism=56

State Sovereignty=57

Governmental Structure=59

Increased Political Activity=62

What the States Can Do=63

Federal-State Relations=63

Grants-in-Aid=63

Meeting National Needs=65

The Intergovernmental Lobby=66

Categorical Grants=66

Rivalry Among the States=67

Federal Aid and Federal Control=68

Mandates=68

Conditions of Aid=69

A Devolution Revolution?=70

Congress and Federalism=71

Chapter 4. American Political Culture=78

Political Culture=79

The Political System=81

The Persistence of Conflict=82

The Economic System=83

How We Compare : Comparing America with Other Nations=85

The Political System=85

The Economic System=86

The Civic Role of Religion=87

The Sources of Political Culture=88

The Culture War=89

Mistrust of Government=91

Civil Society=92

Political Tolerance=93

Chapter 5. Civil Liberties=100

Culture and Civil Liberties=102

Rights in Conflict=102

Cultural Conflicts=104

Applying the Bill of Rights to the States=105

Interpreting and Applying the First Amendment=106

Speech and National Security=107

What Is Speech?=109

Libel=109

Obscenity=109

Symbolic Speech=111

Commercial and Youthful Speech=112

Church and State=113

The Free-Exercise Clause=113

The Establishment Clause=114

Crime and Due Process=117

The Exclusionary Rule=118

Search and Seizure=118

Confessions and Self-Incrimination=121

Relaxing the Exclusionary Rule=121

Terrorism and Civil Liberties=122

Searches Without Warrants=124

Chapter 6. Civil Rights=130

The Black Predicament=132

The Campaign in the Courts=133

'Separate but Equal"=134

Can Separate Schools Be Equal?=134

Brown v. Board of Education=135

The Campaign in Congress=139

Racial Profiling=144

Women and Equal Rights=145

Sexual Harassment=147

Privacy and Sex=148

Affirmative Action=149

Equality of Results=149

Equality of Opportunity=149

Gays and the Constitution=154

PART II. Opinions, Interests, and Organizations=161

Chapter 7. Public Opinion=162

Public Opinion and Democracy=163

What Is Public Opinion?=164

How Polling Works=165

How Opinions Differ=166

Political Socialization=167

Genes and the Family=167

Religion=169

The Gender Gap=170

Cleavages in Public Opinion=170

Social Class=171

Race And Ethnicity=172

Region=173

Political Ideology=173

Mass Ideologies : A Typology=174

Liberal and Conservative Elites=174

Political Elites, Public Opinion, and Public Policy=176

Chapter 8. Political Participation=182

A Close Look at Nonvoting=184

The Rise of the American Electorate=187

From State to Federal Control=187

Voter Turnout=190

Who Participates in Politics?=192

Forms of Participation=192

Participation : Causes and Meaning=193

Chapter 9. Political Parties=202

Parties―Here and Abroad=204

The Rise and Decline of the Political Party=206

The Founding=206

The Jacksonians=207

The Civil War and Sectionalism=208

The Era of Reform=208

Party Realignments=209

Party Decline=211

The National Party Structure Today=212

National Conventions=214

State and Local Parties=216

The Machine=217

Ideological Parties=218

Solidary Groups=218

Sponsored Parties=219

Personal Following=219

The Two-Party System=220

Minor Parties=222

Nominating a President=225

Are the Delegates Representative of the Voters?=225

Who Votes in Primaries?=226

Who Are the New Delegates?=226

Parties Versus Voters=229

Chapter 10. Elections and Campaigns=234

Campaigns Today=235

Better or Worse?=237

Here and Abroad=238

Presidential Versus Congressional Campaigns=238

Running for President=239

Getting Elected to Congress=241

Primary Versus General Campaigns=243

Two Kinds of Campaign Issues=244

Television, Debates, and Direct Mail=246

Money=249

The Sources of Campaign Money=249

Campaign Finance Rules=250

A Second Campaign Finance Law=252

New Sources of Money=255

Money and Winning=256

What Decides the Election?=257

Party=257

Issues, Especially the Economy=259

The Campaign=260

Finding a Winning Coalition=261

The Effects of Elections on Policy=264

Chapter 11. Interest Groups=270

The Birth of Interest Groups=273

Kinds of Organizations=274

Institutional Interests=274

Membership Interests=275

Incentives to Join=276

The Influence of the Staff=280

Interest Groups and Social Movements=280

The Environmental Movement=280

The Feminist Movement=280

The Union Movement=281

Upper-Class Bias?=282

The Activities of Interest Groups=283

Information=284

Earmarks=285

Public Support : The Rise of the New Politics=285

Money and PACs=286

The 'Revolving Door"=289

Civil Disobedience=290

Regulating Interest Groups=291

Chapter 12. The Media=298

The Media and Politics=299

Journalism in American Political History=300

The Party Press=300

The Popular Press=300

Magazines of Opinion=302

Electronic Journalism=302

The Internet=304

The Structure of the Media=305

Degree of Competition=305

The National Media=306

Rules Governing the Media=307

Confidentiality of Sources=307

Regulating Broadcasting=308

Campaigning=309

Are the National Media Biased?=310

A Liberal Majority=310

Neutral and Objective?=311

Media's Influence=313

Government and the News=314

Prominence of the President=314

Coverage of Congress=314

Why Do We Have So Many News Leaks?=316

Sensationalism in the Media=317

Government Constraints on Journalists=318

PART III. Institutions of Government=325

Chapter 13. Congress=326

Congress Versus Parliament=329

The Evolution of Congress=332

Who Is in Congress?=335

Gender and Race=335

Incumbency=337

Party=339

Representation and Polarization=340

Representational View=341

Organizational View=341

Attitudinal View=342

The Organization of Congress : Parties and Interests=343

Party Organizations=343

Party Voting=345

Caucuses=346

The Organization of Congress : Committees=346

The Organization of Congress : Staffs and Specialized Offices=348

Tasks of Staff Members=349

Staff Agencies=350

How a Bill Becomes Law=350

Introducing a Bill=350

Study by Committees=351

Floor Debate=352

Methods of Voting=354

Legislative Productivity=355

Reforming Congress=356

Chapter 14. The Presidency=364

Presidents and Prime Ministers=366

Divided Government=367

Does Gridlock Matter?=368

Is Policy Gridlock Bad?=369

The Powers of the President=370

The Evolution of the Presidency=372

Concerns of the Founders=372

The Electoral College=373

The President's Term of Office=373

The First Presidents=373

The Jacksonians=374

The Reemergence of Congress=375

The Power to Persuade=378

The Three Audiences=378

Popularity and Influence=380

The Decline in Popularity=382

The Power to Say No=383

Veto=383

Executive Privilege=384

Impoundment of Funds=385

Signing Statements=386

Presidential Character=386

The Office of the President=388

The White House Office=388

The Executive Office of the President=390

The Cabinet=390

Independent Agencies, Commissions, and Judgeships=391

Who Gets Appointed=392

The President's Program=394

Putting Together a Program=394

Attempts to Reorganize=397

Presidential Transition=398

The Vice President=398

Problems of Succession=399

Impeachment=400

How Powerful Is the President?=401

Chapter 15. The Bureaucracy=408

Distinctiveness of the American Bureaucracy=410

Proxy Government=411

The Growth of the Bureaucracy=412

The Appointment of Officials=412

A Service Role=413

A Change in Role=413

The Federal Bureaucracy Today=414

Recruitment and Retention=417

Personal Attributes=420

Do Bureaucrats Sabotage Their Political Bosses?=421

Culture and Careers=422

Constraints=422

Why So Many Constraints?=424

Agency Allies=425

Congressional Oversight=425

The Appropriations Committee and Legislative Committees=426

The Legislative Veto=427

Congressional Investigations=427

Bureaucratic "Pathologies"=428

Reforming the Bureaucracy=430

Chapter 16. The Judiciary=438

Judicial Review=440

The Development of the Federal Courts=441

National Supremacy and Slavery=441

Government and the Economy=442

Government and Political Liberty=444

The Revival of State Sovereignty=445

The Structure of the Federal Courts=446

Selecting Judges=447

The Jurisdiction of the Federal Courts=450

Getting to Court=452

Fee Shifting=453

Standing=453

Class-Action Suits=454

The Supreme Court in Action=455

The Power of the Federal Courts=457

The Power to Make Policy=457

Views of Judicial Activism=459

Legislation and the Courts=459

Checks on Judicial Power=460

Congress and the Courts=460

Public Opinion and the Courts=462

PART IV. The Politics of Public Policy=469

Chapter 17. The Policymaking Process=470

Setting the Agenda=471

The Legitimate Scope of Government Action=472

Action by the States=474

Making a Decision=475

Majoritarian Politics : Distributed Benefits, Distributed Costs=476

Interest Group Politics : Concentrated Benefits, Concentrated Costs=477

Client Politics : Concentrated Benefits, Distributed Costs=478

Entrepreneurial Politics : Distributed Benefits, Concentrated Costs=479

The Case of Business Regulation=480

Majoritarian Politics=480

Interest Group Politics=482

Client Politics=482

Entrepreneurial Politics=484

Perceptions, Beliefs, Interests, and Values=486

Deregulation=487

The Limits of Ideas=488

Chapter 18. Economic Policy=492

The Politics of Economic Prosperity=495

What Politicians Try to Do=495

The Politics of Taxing and Spending=496

Economic Theories and Political Needs=498

Monetarism=498

Keynesianism=498

Planning=499

Supply-Side Tax Cuts=500

Did the Federal Government End the Recession?=500

The Machinery of Economic Policymaking=500

The Fed=501

Congress=502

Globalization=503

Spending Money=504

The Budget=504

Reducing Spending=505

Levying Taxes=506

The Rise of the Income Tax=507

Chapter 19. Social Welfare=514

Two Kinds of Social Welfare Programs=516

Social Welfare in the United States=518

Majoritarian Welfare Programs : Social Security and Medicare=521

Client Welfare Programs : Aid to Families with Dependent Children=526

Majoritarian Versus Client Politics=527

Chapter 20. Foreign and Military Policy=534

Kinds of Foreign Policy=536

The Constitutional and Legal Context=537

Presidential Box Score=537

Evaluating the Power of the President=539

Checks on Presidential Power=539

The Machinery of Foreign Policy=542

Foreign Policy and Public Opinion=543

Backing the President=544

Mass Versus Elite Opinion=545

Cleavages Among Foreign Policy Elites=546

How a Worldview Shapes Foreign Policy=546

Political Polarization=549

The Use of Military Force=550

War in Iraq=551

The Defense Budget=552

Total Spending=552

What Do We Get with Our Money?=554

The Structure of Defense Decision Making=557

Joint Chiefs of Staff=557

The Services=558

The Chain of Command=558

The New Problem of Terrorism=558

Iraq and Afghanistan=560

Chapter 21. Environmental Policy=564

Entrepreneurial Politics : Global Warming=566

Majoritarian Politics : Pollution from Automobiles=569

Interest Group Politics : Acid Rain=571

Client Politics : Agricultural Pesticides=572

The Environmental Uncertainties=574

The Results=577

PART V. The Nature of American Democracy=581

Chapter 22. Who Governs? To What Ends?=582

Restraints on the Growth of Government=582

Relaxing the Restraints=583

The Old System=584

The New System=585

Consequences of Activist Government=587

The Influence of Structure=590

The Influence of Ideas=591

Appendixes

The Declaration of Independence=A1

The Constitution of the United States=A4

The Federalist No. 10=A21

The Federalist No. 51=A26

Presidents and Congresses, 1789-2009=A30

Glossary=G1

Notes=N1

Index=I1