영문목차

Credits and Sources=xix

Figures=xix

Tables=xxi

Integrated Themes in Aging and Older Adulthood=xxiii

Integrated Examples of the Diversity Theme=xxiii

Integrated Examples of the Environmental Influences on Aging Theme=xxvi

Integrated Examples of the Applications to Everyday Life Theme=xxix

Preface and Acknowledgments=xxxiii

1. Introduction to Aging and Older Adulthood=1

The Study of Aging and Older Adulthood=3

History of the Scientific Study of Aging=3

Geriatrics and Gerontology=5

Why Was the Study of Aging Neglected?=5

Reasons for Studying Aging and Older Adulthood=6

Defining Age and Older Adulthood=7

Definitions of Age=8

What Is Older Adulthood?=10

Demographic Profile of Older Americans=14

Global Considerations and Demographic Transition=14

Number and Proportion of Older Adults=15

A Snapshot of the Older Population=18

Developmental Influences and Issues=23

Influences on Development=23

Issues in the Study of Aging=26

UNDERSTANDING AGING BOX 1.1. A NEW OUTLOOK ON OLD AGE=27

Theoretical Models=28

The Selective Optimization with Compensation Model of Aging=28

The Ecological Model of Aging=29

Questions to Consider=30

Key Points=31

Key Terms=32

2. Theory and Method in Studying Aging and Older Adulthood=33

Metatheoretical Approaches to the Study of Aging=35

The Mechanistic Metamodel=35

The Organismic Metamodel=36

The Contextual Metamodel=36

The Life-Span Developmental Perspective=37

Developmental Research=37

The Age Variable=38

Factors in Aging Research=39

Research Design=41

Measurement=46

Reliability=47

Validity=47

APPLYING RESEARCH BOX 2.1. FOCUS ON MEASUREMENT=48

Sampling=49

Approaches to Conducting Aging Research=51

The Experimental Approach=51

The Quasi-Experimental Approach=52

Multifactor Designs=53

The Descriptive Approach=55

Ethics in Research on Human Aging=56

Revisiting the Selective Optimization with Compensation and Ecological Models=58

Questions to Consider=59

Key Points=59

Key Terms=60

3. Biological Aging and Health=61

The Meaning of Longevity=63

Life Expectancy=63

Life Span=65

The Biological Aging Process=68

Primary and Secondary Aging=68

Programmed Theories of Biological Aging=69

UNDERSTANDING AGING BOX 3.1. LONGEVITY : GENETIC MUTATIONS AND HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE=70

Stochastic Theories of Biological Aging=71

Caloric Restriction and Longevity=73

Individual Differences in Longevity=74

Nature and Nurture=75

UNDERSTANDING AGING BOX 3.2. GENDER GROSSOVER IN LATE OLDER ADULTHOOD=75

Can Social Scientists Predict Longevity?=79

Maximizing Longevity=81

Physical Changes and Disease=82

Body Systems=82

UNDERSTANDING AGING BOX 3.3. AFRICAN AMERICAN MEN, SELF-RELIANGE, AND HEALTH=85

Leading Causes of Mortality=94

Everyday Functioning and Health Care=95

Activities of Daily Living and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living=95

Medication=96

Health Insurance=96

Revisiting the Selective Optimization with Compensation and Ecological Models=97

Questions to Consider=98

Key Points=98

Key Terms=99

4. Sensation, Perception, and Attention=100

Sensory Processes=102

Threshold and Sensitivity=102

Absolute Threshold=103

Signal Detection=103

Speed of Response=104

Reaction Time=104

APPLYING RESEARCH BOX 4.1. REACTION TIME AND DRIVING=105

Age-Complexity Hypothesis=106

Stimulus Persistence Theory=106

Moderating Age-Related Slowing=107

The Senses : A Closer Look=108

Smell and Taste=108

Touch, Proprioception, and Pain=108

Vision=110

Hearing=113

APPLYING RESEARCH BOX 4.2. TECHNOLOGY USE AMONG OLDER ADULTS=114

Attention=121

Theoretical Models=121

Attention Tasks=124

UNDERSTANDING AGING BOX 4.1. CELL PHONES AND STREET CROSSING=125

Revisiting the Selective Optimization with Compensation and Ecological Models=129

Questions to Consider=130

Key Points=130

Key Terms=131

5. Memory=132

The Developmental Study of Memory and Age=134

Concerns About Memory and Aging=134

The Information Processing Model=134

The Sensory Store=135

The Short-Term Store=135

The Long-Term Store=137

APPLYING RESEARCH BOX 5.1. FALSE MEMORY=140

Noncontent Attributes of Episodic Memory=140

Stages of Processing in Episodic Memory=142

Remote Memory=146

Factual Information=146

UNDERSTANDING AGING BOX 5.1. THE REMINISCENCE BUMP=147

Autobiographical Information=147

Memory in Everyday Life=147

Prospective Memory=148

Implicit Memory=149

Memory Training=150

APPLYING RESEARCH BOX 5.2. MEMORY CUES AND SHOPPING=152

Discourse Memory=152

Knowledge and Beliefs About Memory=154

Metamemory=154

Memory Self-Efficacy=155

Memory Self-Evaluation=156

Stereotypes About Memory and Aging=157

Attributions for Memory Failure=159

Individual Differences Among Older Adults=159

APPLYING RESEARCH BOX 5.3. AEROBIC EXERCISE, HIPPOCAMPAL BRAIN VOLUME, AND SPATIAL MEMORY=160

Education and Lifestyle=160

Health=161

Revisiting the Selective Optimization with Compensation and Ecological Models=162

Questions to Consider=162

Key Points=163

Key Terms=164

6. Intellectual Functioning=165

Views of Intelligence=167

How Many Intelligences Are There?=167

Sternberg's Components of Intelligence=167

Intelligence and the Aging Process=168

The Psychometric Approach to Intelligence=170

Brief History of the Test Movement=170

Psychometric Tests and Aging Research=171

Intelligence Quotient(IQ)=174

APPLYING RESEARCH BOX 6.1. THE FLYNN EFFECT=175

Cultural Diversity=175

Does Intelligence Decline with Age?=176

Positive and Negative Cohort Trends=178

The Classic Aging Pattern=179

The Life-Span Developmental Perspective=180

UNDERSTANDING AGING BOX 6.1. THE DEDIFFERENTIATION HYPOTHESIS=180

Maximizing Intellectual Functioning in Older Adulthood=181

Testing the Limits=181

Intervention=181

Compensation=182

APPLYING RESEARCH BOX 6.2. THE ACTIVE PROJECT=182

Unexercised Versus Optimally Exercised Abilities=183

Individual Differences Among Older Adult Test Takers=183

Factors Related to Maintenance of Intellectual Functioning=183

UNDERSTANDING AGING BOX 6.2. Cognitive Functioning and Neurobiology : The Role of White Matter Hyperintensities(WMH)=184

Mental Activity and Intellectual Functioning=185

Everyday Intelligence and Competence=188

Psychometric Tests and Ecological Validity=188

Conceptions of Intelligence Across the Adult Life Span=189

Cognitive Competence and Psychometric Scores=190

Encapsulation=191

Competence in Daily Life=191

Revisiting the Selective Optimization with Compensation and Ecological Models=195

Questions to Consider=196

Key Points=196

Key Terms=198

7. Cognition and Problem Solving in the Everyday World=199

Stages of Cognitive Development=201

Schaie's Stage Model of Cognitive/Intellectual Development=201

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Box 7.1. Author Harry Bernstein=203

Postformal Thought=204

Wisdom=205

What Is Wisdom?=205

Age and Wisdom=208

Real-World Intelligence and Problem Solving=210

Practical Intelligence=210

Creative Intelligence=211

Solving Interpersonal Problems=214

Decision Making=214

Decision Making in a Health Context=215

APPLYING RESEARCH Box 7.1. Framing Effects in Medical Decisions=218

APPLYING RESEARCH Box 7.2. Young and Older Adults' Preference for Choice=219

Decision Making in a Consumer Context=220

Decision Making in a Legal Context=221

Social Cognition=222

Impression Formation=222

Causal Attributions=223

UNDERSTANDING AGING BOX 7.1. TRAIT DIAGNOSTICITY=224

Moral Reasoning=226

Collaboration in Reasoning and Problem Solving=228

Emotion and Cognition=229

Revisiting the Selective Optimization with Compensation and Ecological Models=231

Questions to Consider=232

Key Points=232

Key Terms=233

8. Personality and Coping=234

Studying Personality in Aging and Older Adulthood=236

Approaches to Investigating Personality=236

Personality Over the Adult Years=236

How Is Personality Measured?=237

Self-Report Questionnaires=237

Projective Techniques=238

Behavioral Observation=238

Normative Models of Personality=239

Stage Models=239

Personality Dimensions and Traits=245

UNDERSTANDING AGING BOX 8.1. PERSONALITY TRAITS AND SURVIVAL=247

Lay Views of Personality=249

Individual Differences in Coping and Adjustment=253

Self-Concept=253

UNDERSTANDING AGING BOX 8.2. AGE AND EMOTIONAL WELL-BEING=254

APPLYING RESEARCH BOX 8.1. POSSIBLE SELVES AND DAILY ACTIVITIES=257

Personal Control=258

Revisiting the Selective Optimization with Compensation and Ecological Models=262

Questions to Consider=263

Key Points=263

Key Terms=264

9. Social Interaction and Social Ties=265

Social Interaction in Older Adulthood=267

Activity Theory and Disengagement Theory=267

Socioemotional Selectivity Theory=268

Social Exchange Theory=269

Positive and Negative Aspects of Social Relationships=272

UNDERSTANDING AGING BOX 9.1. EMOTIONAL INTENSITY AND INTERPERSONAL EXCHANGES=272

Social Ties in Older Adulthood=273

Social Convoys, Social Networks, and Reciprocity=273

Family Relationships=276

APPLYING RESEARCH BOX 9.1. COHABITATION AMONG OLDER COUPLES=280

UNDERSTANDING AGING BOX 9.2. INTERGENERATIONAL AMBIVALENCE=282

Nonfamilial Relationships=290

Elder Abuse and Neglect=292

Abuse in Domestic Settings=293

Abuse in Institutional Settings=295

Revisiting the Selective Optimization with Compensation and Ecological Models=295

Questions to Consider=296

Key Points=296

Key Terms=297

10. Employment, Retirement, and Living Arrangements=298

Employment=300

The Older Worker=300

UNDERSTANDING AGING BOX 10.1. OLDER WORKERS AND JOB STRAIN=302

Job Performance=302

Evaluating Older Employees=305

Age Discrimination in Employment=305

Retirement=307

What Is Retirement?=308

Effects of Retirement=309

Economics of Retirement=310

UNDERSTANDING AGING BOX 10.2. COUPLES AND RETIREMENT=310

Retirement as a Process=314

Life After Retirement=316

Living Arrangements=319

Stages in Long-Distance Migration=319

Aging in Place=320

Age-Segregated Living Arrangements=321

APPLYING RESEARCH BOX 10.1. OLDER ADULTS' EXPECTATIONS FOR LATE-LIFE MOVES=322

APPLYING RESEARCH BOX 10.2. INNOVATIVE MODELS FOR LONG-TERM CARE=326

Revisiting the Selective Optimization with Compensation and Ecological Models=327

Questions to Consider=327

Key Points=328

Key Terms=328

11. Mental Health, Psychopathology, and Therapy=329

Mental Health in the Older Adult Population=331

Rate of Mental Disorders Among Older Adults=331

Older Adults and Mental Health Services=332

Psychopathology=333

Depression=333

UNDERSTANDING AGING BOX 11.1. SUICIDE AND THE GENDER PARADOX=339

Anxiety Disorders=339

UNDERSTANDING AGING BOX 11.2. GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON SYMPTOMS OF ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION=340

Hypochondriasis=340

Paranoid Disorders=341

Alcoholism=342

Delirium=344

APPLYING RESEARCH BOX 11.1. THE SUNDOWN SYNDROME=344

Dementia=345

UNDERSTANDING AGING BOX 11.3. DEMENTIA WITH LEWY BODIES(DLB)=347

UNDERSTANDING AGING BOX 11.4. COGNITIVE RESERVE AND DEMENTIA=350

Therapeutic Interventions With Older Adults=353

Environmental Design and Sensory Retraining=353

Behavioral Interventions=354

Reality Orientation and Reminiscence Therapy=355

Pet Therapy=356

Individual Psychotherapy=357

Family Issues=357

Revisiting the Selective Optimization with Compensation and Ecological Models=358

Questions to Consider=359

Key Points=359

Key Terms=360

12. Coping with Death, Dying, and Bereavement=361

Death and Dying=363

The Dying Trajectory=364

End-of-Life Decisions=365

UNDERSTANDING AGING BOX 12.1. DESIRED LENGTH OF LIFE AND END-OF-LIFE DESIRES=367

Anxiety About Death=368

Stages of Death and Dying=369

APPLYING RESEARCH BOX 12.1. COPING WITH THOUGHTS OF DEATH=370

Care of the Dying Patient=371

APPLYING RESEARCH BOX 12.2. PHYSICIAN ASSISTED SUICIDE(PAS)=372

Bereavement and Loss=374

Attitudes Toward Death=374

Loss of a Spouse=375

UNDERSTANDING AGING BOX 12.2. WIDOWERS AND BEREAVEMENT=379

Loss of Other Meaningful Relationships=379

Revisiting the Selective Optimization with Compensation and Ecological Models=381

Questions to Consider=381

Key Points=381

Key Terms=382

13. Looking Ahead : Aging in the Future=383

Aging in the Future=385

The Third Age=385

The Fourth Age=388

Positive Aging=391

UNDERSTANDING AGING BOX 13.1. ADVICE FOR POSITIVE AGING=391

Questions to Consider=393

Key Points=393

Key Terms=393

Glossary=394

References=408

Index=442

1.1. Population Reference Bureau, World Population Data Sheet © 2010. Reprinted by permission of the Population Reference Bureau=14

2.2. Adapted from P. B. Baltes, "Theoretical Propositions of Life-Span Developmental Psychology : On the Dynamics Between Growth and Decline," Developmental Psychology, 23, 611-626 © 1987 by the American Psychological Association. Reprinted by permission of the publisher=38

3.5. T. Perls & M. H. Silver, "Will You Live to be 100?" Modern Maturity(November/December) © 1999 by the American Association of Retired Persons(AARP). Reprinted with permission=76

4.1. T.Y. Arbuckle & D. P. Gold, "Aging, Inhibition, and Verbosity," Journal of Gerontology : Psychological Sciences, 48, P225-P232 © 1993 by The Gerontological Society of America. Reproduced with permission of The Gerontological Society of America in the format Textbook via Copyright Clearance Center=124

6.2. From Schaie, K.W.(1989). The hazards of cognitive aging. Gerontologist, 29, 484-493=172

6.3. Adapted from D. S. Woodruff-Pak, Psychology and Aging, Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall, 1988, and D. S. Woodruff-Pak, "Aging and Intelligence : Changing Perspectives in the Twentieth Century''Journal of Aging Studies, 3(1989), 91-118 © 1989 by Elsevier Science, Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission from Elsevier=176

6.4. C. A. Berg & R.J. Sternberg, "Adults' Conceptions of Intelligence Across the Adult Life Span," Psychology and Aging, 7, 221-231 © 1992 by the American Psychological Association. Reprinted by permission of the publisher=189

6.5. Adapted from S. L. Willis, "Everyday Cognitive Competence in Elderly Persons : Conceptual Issues and Empirical Findings," Gerontologist, 36, 595-601 © 1996 by The Gerontological Society of America. Reproduced with permission of The Gerontological Society of America in the format Textbook via Copyright Clearance Center=193

7.1. K.W. Schaie, "Toward a Stage Theory of Adult Cognitive Development," Aging and Human Development, 8, 129-138 © 1977 by Baywood Publishing Company, Inc. Reproduced with permission of Baywood Publishing Company, Inc., in the format Textbook via Copyright Clearance Center=201

7.2. Adapted from J. B. Chap, "Moral Judgment in Middle and Late Adulthood : The Effects of Age-Appropriate Moral Dilemmas and Spontaneous Role Taking," International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 22,161-172 © 1986 by Baywood Publishing Company, Inc. Reproduced with permission of Baywood Publishing Company, Inc., in the format Textbook via Copyright Clearance Center=227

8.2. Adapted from R. R. McCrae & P.T. Costa, Jr., "Personality Trait Structure as a Human Universal," American Psychologist, 52, 509-516 © 1997 by the American Psychological Association. Reprinted by permission of the publisher=246

8.3. M. L. Hummert, T.A. Garstka,J. L. Shaner, & S. Strahm(1994), "Stereotypes of the Elderly Held by Young, Middle-Aged, and Elderly Adults," Journal of Gerontology : Psychological Sciences, 49, P240-P249 © 1994 by The Gerontological Society of America. Reproduced with permission of The Gerontological Society of America in the format Textbook via Copyright Clearance Center=251

9.2. D.T. Gold, "Sibling Relationships in Old Age : A Typology," International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 28, 37-51 © 1989 by Baywood Publishing Company, Inc. Reproduced with permission of Baywood Publishing Company, Inc., in the format. Textbook via Copyright Clearance Center. And from D.T. Gold, "Late-Life Sibling Relationships : Does Race Affect Typological Distribution?" Gerontologist, 30, 741-748 © 1990 by The Gerontological Society of America. Reproduced with permission of The Gerontological Society of America in the format Textbook via Copyright Clearance Center=289

9.3. Adapted from M. S. Lantz, "Elder Abuse and Neglect," in R. Schulz(Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Aging(4th ed.), New York : Springer, pp. 352-354 © 2006 by Springer Publishing Company, Inc. Reproduced with permission of Springer Publishing Company, LLC, New York, NY 10036=293

10.2. D.J. Ekerdt, S. DeViney, & K. Kosloski, "Profiling Plans for Retirement," Journal of Gerontology : Social Sciences, 51B, S140-S149 © 1996 by The Gerontological Society of America. Reproduced with permission of The Gerontological Society of America in the format Textbook via Copyright Clearance Center=316

10.3. Adapted from H. Kendig & J. Pynoos, "Housing," in J. E. Birren(Ed.), Encyclopedia of Gerontology : Age, Aging, and the Aged, Vol. 1, San Diego : Academic Press, pp. 703-713 © 1996 by Elsevier. Reprinted by permission of the publisher=323

11.1. Adapted from S. M. Monroe & A. D. Simons, "Diathesis-Stress Theories in the Context of Life Stress Research : Implications for Depressive Disorders," Psychological Bulletin, 110, 406-425 © 1991 by the American Psychological Association. Reprinted by permission of the publisher=334

11.2. From Kahn, R. L., Goldfarb, A. I., & Pollack, M.(1964).The evaluation of geriatric patients following treatment. In P. H. Hoch & J. Zubin(Eds.), Evaluation of geriatric treatment. New York : Grune & Stratton=346

1.6. P.B. Baltes & M. M. Bakes, "Psychological Perspectives on Successful Aging : The Model of Selective Optimization with Compensation," in P. B. Baltes & M. M. Baltes(Eds.), Successful Aging : Perspectives from the Behavioral Sciences, Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-34 © 1990 by The European Science Foundation. Reprinted by permission of Cambridge University Press=28

1.7. M.P. Lawton & L. Nahemow, "Ecology and the Aging Process," in C. Eisdorfer and M. P. Lawton(Eds.), The Psychology of Adult Developmental Aging, Washington, DC : American Psychological Association, pp. 619-674 © 1973 by the American Psychological Association. Reprinted by permission of the publisher=29

2.1. From P.B. Baltes, "Theoretical Propositions of Life-Span Developmental Psychology : On the Dynamics Between Growth and Decline," Developmental Psychology, 23, 611-626 © 1987 by the American Psychological Association. Reprinted by permission of the publisher=38

3.2. Adapted from H. Katchadourian, Fifty : Midlife in Perspective, New York : W. H. Freeman © 1987 by H. Katchadourian. Reprinted by permission=67

3.3. P. Ebersole & P. Hess, Toward Healthy Aging(5th ed.), St. Louis : Mosby, 1998. Reprinted by permission of Elsevier=84

3.4. R.J. Sternberg, Psychology(4th ed.), Belmont, CA : Wadsworth/Thomson Learning © 2004 by Robert J. Sternberg. Reprinted by kind permission of the author=87

3.5. Adapted from A. J. Tobin, Asking About Life(2nd ed.), Belmont, CA : Brooks/Cole © 2003 by Brooks/Cole, a part of Cengage Learning, Inc. Reproduced by permission, http://www.cengage.com/permissions=89

3.6. From Park, D.C. & Reuter-Lorenz, P.(2009).The adaptive brain : Aging and neurocognitive scaffolding. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 173-196=91

4.2. C.K. Sigelman & E. A. Rider, Life-Span Human Development : An Integrated Topical/ Chronological Approach(4th ed.), Belmont, CA : Wadsworth/Thomson Learning © 2003 by Wadsworth, a part of Cengage Learning, Inc. Reproduced by permission, http://www.cengage.com/permissions=110

4.3. Adapted from A. J. Tobin, Asking About Life(2nd ed.), Belmont, CA : Brooks/Cole © 2003 by Brooks/Cole, a part of Cengage Learning, Inc. Reproduced by permission, http://www.cengage.com/permissions=114

5.1. R. C. Atkinson & R. M. Shiffrin, "Human Memory : A Proposed System and Its Control Processes," in K. W. Spence & J.T. Spence(Eds.), The Psychology of Learning and Motivation,Vol. 2, New York : Academic Press, pp. 89-105 © 1968=135

5.2. A. D. Baddeley, Human Memory'.Theory and Practice, Boston : Allyn & Bacon © 1990 by Taylor & Francis Group LLC―Books. Reproduced with permission of Taylor & Francis Group LLC -Books in the format Textbook via Copyright Clearance Center. Reprinted by permission=136

6.1. P. B. Baltes, U. M. Staudinger, & U. Lindenberger, "Lifespan Psychology : Theory and Application to Intellectual Functioning," Annual Review of Psychology, 50 © 1999 by Annual Reviews. Reprinted by permission of the authors and Annual Reviews, http://www.Annualreviews.org=169

6.4. K.W. Schaie(1994), "The Course of Adult Intellectual Development," American Psychologist, 49, 304-313 © 1994 by the American Psychological Association. Reprinted by permission of the publisher=177

7.1. K.W. Schaie & S. L.Willis, "A Stage Theory Model of Adult Cognitive Development Revisited," in R. L. Rubinstein, M. Moss, & M. H. Kleban(Eds.), Tire Many Dimensions of Aging, New York: Springer, pp. 175-193 © 2000 by K.W. Schaie and S. L.Willis. Reprinted by kind permission of the authors=202

7.2. From Glück, J., & Bluck, S.(2011). Laypeople's conceptions of wisdom and its development : Cognitive and integrative views. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B : Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 66, 321-324=207

7.3. From Sternberg, R. J.(1985). Beyond IQ : A triarchic theory of human intelligence. New York : Cambridge University Press=211

7.4. From W. Dennis, "Creative Productivity Between the Ages of 20 and 80 Years "Journal of Gerontology, 21,1-8 © 1966 by The Gerontological Society of America. Reproduced with permission of The Gerontological Society of America in the format Textbook via Copyright Clearance Center=212

8.1. H. R. Markus & A. R. Herzog, "The Role of the Self-Concept in Aging," in K.W. Schaie & M. P. Lawton(Eds.), Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics,Vol. 11, New York : Springer, pp. 110-143 © 1991 by Springer Publishing Company, Inc. Reproduced with the permission of Springer Publishing Company, LLC, New York, NY 10036=255

9.1. L. L. Carstensen.J. J. Gross, & H. H. Fung, "The Social Context of Emotional Experience," in K.W. Schaie & M. P. Lawton(Eds.), Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics,Vol. 17, New York : Springer, pp. 325-352 © 1997 by Springer Publishing Company, Inc. Reproduced with the permission of Springer Publishing Company, LLC, New York, NY 10036=268

9.4. B. C. Rollins & H. Feldman, "Marital Satisfaction Over the Family Life Cycle" Journal of Marriage and the Family, 32, 20-28 © 1970 by the National Council on Family Relations. Reprinted by permission of Blackwell Publishing Ltd=277

10.1. M.W. Riley, "Aging and Society : Past, Present, and Future," Gerontologist, 34, 436-446 © 1994 by The Gerontological Society of

America. Reproduced with permission of The Gerontological Society of America in the format Textbook via Copyright Clearance Center=300

12.1. C. A. Corr, C. M. Nabe, & D. M. Corr(2009), Death and Dying, Life and Living(6th ed.), Belmont, CA : Wadsworth CengageLearning © 2009 by Wadsworth, a part of Cengage Learning,Inc. Reproduced by permission, www.cengage.com/permissions=364