영문목차

List of Diagrams and Figures=xxxiii

Table of Cases=xxxv

Series Editor's Preface=liii

Preface=lv

Acknowledgments lix

Part One Administrative Law Fundamentals

Chapter 1. Welcome to Administrative Law!=5

Overview=5

Chapter Problem=5

A. What Is This All About?=5

B. What Are Administrative Agencies?=7

1. Administrative Agencies in the Everyday Sense=7

Exercise : Identifying "Agencies" in the Everyday Sense of That Word=8

2. Technical Definitions of "Agency"=11

C. How Are Administrative Agencies Created?=12

1. Agencies Created by Statute=13

2. Agencies Created by Executive-Branch Action=14

3. State Agencies Created by State Constitution=14

4. Summary=14

D. What Do Administrative Agencies Do, and How Do They Do It?=14

1. What Administrative Agencies Do=14

2. How Agencies Do What They Do(Types of Agency Powers)=15

a. Legislative Power―Making Rules with "the Force and Effect of Law"=16

b. Executive Power―Interpreting the Laws to Be Executed ; Advising the Public of Those Interpretations ; Investigating ; and Prosecuting=18

c. Adjudicatory Power―Deciding Cases=20

d. The Blending of the Three Types of Powers in Many Modern Administrative Agencies=21

Exercise : Types of Agency Powers=22

E. Why Do We Have Administrative Agencies?

F. What Does the Practice of Administrative Law Involve=24

G. Chapter 1 Wrap and Look Ahead=25

Chapter Problem Revisited=25

Professional Development Reflection Question=25

Chapter 2. Administrative Law Problem Solving ; Overview of the Rest of This Book=27

Overview=27

Chapter Problem=28

A. Types of Agency Action=28

B. Sources of Agency Power=29

Exercise : Determining Whether an Agency Has the Power for Its Action=30

C. Limits on Agency Power=31

1. Internal Limits vs. External Limits=31

a. Internal(Intrinsic) Limits=31

b. External(Extrinsic) Limits=32

c. Why Distinguish Internal from External Limits=33

2. Substantive vs. Procedural Limits=34

a. Substantive Limits(or Requirements)=34

b. Procedural Limits(or Requirements)=34

c. The Limited Usefulness of Distinguishing Substantive from Procedural Limits=35

Exercise : Types of Limits on Agency Power=36

3. Agency Discretion=36

D. Enforcing Limits on Agency Power=37

1. The Agency=37

2. The Judicial Branch=38

3. The Legislative Branch=38

4. The Executive Branch=39

5. The People=39

Summary : How Agencies Are Controlled=40

Exercise : Complete the Problem Solving Framework=40

E. Game Plan for the Rest of the Book=41

Chapter Problem Revisited=41

Professional Development Reflection Question=42

Chapter 3. Statutory Research and Analysis in Administrative Law=43

Overview=43

Chapter Problem=43

A. Context for Statutory Research and Analysis in Administrative Law=44

B. The Three Types of Statutes Governing Administrative Agencies=45

1. Agency Organic Statutes=45

2. Other Agency-Specific Statutes=46

3. Cross-Cutting Statutes=47

C. Finding the Agency Legislation=47

1. Internet=47

2. Other Resources=48

a. Federal Agencies=48

b. State Agencies=48

3. Timing Is Everything=49

Exercise : Finding Agency Legislation=49

D. Finding Cross-Cutting Statues=50

E. Reading the Agency Statutes=51

1. Reading an Unfamiliar Agency Statute=51

a. Contextual Information=51

b. Structural Information=52

c. Agency Duties and Powers=53

d. Judicial Oversight=54

e. Applicability of APA and Other Statutes=57

2. Re-Readings of an Agency Statute=58

3. Learning About an Agency from Non-Statutory Sources=58

F. Chapter 3 Wrap Up and Look Ahead=59

Chapter Problem Revisited=59

Professional Development Reflection Question=59

Chapter 4. Administrative Procedure Acts(APAs)=61

Overview=61

Chapter Problem=61

A. The History of APAs=62

1. Federal APA=62

2. State APAs=63

B. The Purposes and Structure of the Federal APA=64

Exercise : Types of Agency Activity Addressed in the Federal APA=68

C. General Analysis under an APA=69

1. Definitional Section=70

2. Applicability of APA to a Problem=72

a. Does the APA(Federal or State) Apply to This Agency?=72

Exercise : Identifying an Agency Subject to the Federal APA=75

b. If the APA Does Apply to This Agency, Does the APA Apply in Whole or in Part to the Agency Action Involved in the Particular Problem under Analysis?=75

c. If the APA Does Apply to the Agency Action under Analysis, How Does the APA Interact with Other Laws Applicable to the Problem?=78

D. The Fundamental Distinction between Rulemaking and Adjudication=82

1. The Distinction under the Federal APA=82

Exercise : Distinguishing Rules from Orders under the Federal APA=85

2. The Distinction under State APAs=86

3. The Distinction in U.S. Supreme Court Case Law=87

a. Introduction to the Londoner/Bi-Metallic Distinction=87

b. The Londoner and Bi-Metallic Opinions=87

Londoner v. City and County of Denver=88

Bi-Metallic Investment Company v. State Board of Equalization of Colorado=89

c. Exploring the Londoner/Bi-Metallic Distinction=90

Exercise : Revisiting Londoner and Bi-Metallic=92

Exercise : Distinguishing Legislative from Adjudicative Activity for Due Process Purposes=93

4. Differences between the APA Distinction between Rulemaking and Adjudication and the Procedural Due Process Distinction between Rulemaking and Adjudication=93

E. Chapter 4 Wrap Up and Look Ahead=96

Chapter Problem Revisited=97

Professional Development Reflection Question=97

Chapter 5. Administrative Law, Federal Supremacy, and Cooperative Federalism=99

Overview=99

Chapter Problem 1=100

Chapter Problem 2=100

A. When Must Federal Agencies and Officials Obey State and Local Law?=100

1. Federal Agencies and Officials Must Obey a State or Local Law If that Law Does Not Meaningfully Interfere with the Execution of Federal Law and Is Not Preempted by Federal Law=101

a. Under the Doctrine of "Intergovernmental Immunity," a State or Local Law Is Invalid If It Meaningfully Interferes with the Execution of Federal Law=101

b. Preemption of State and Local Law by Federal Statutes and Regulations=103

c. Preemption of State or Local Law by Federal Common Law=104

d. Preemption Summary=105

2. Federal Agencies and Officials Must Obey State and Local Laws When Required to Do So By Federal Law=105

3. Summary=106

Exercise : Analyzing Federal Immunity from State and Local Laws=107

B. When Must State and Local Agencies and Officials Obey Federal Law?=107

1. State and Local Agencies and Officials Must Obey All Valid Federal Laws=107

2. Cooperative Federalism=108

C. Chapter 5 Wrap Up and Look Ahead=110

Chapter Problem 1 Revisited=111

Chapter Problem 2 Revisited=112

Professional Development Reflection Questions=112

Part Two Rulemaking

Chapter 6. Introduction to Agency Rulemaking=117

Overview=117

A. Rulemaking in a Legal-Practice Context=117

B. Rulemaking within the Problem Solving Framework=118

C. Rulemaking from the Agency Perspective=118

Exercise : Sources of Pressure to Make Rules=119

D. The Role of Lawyers in Rulemaking=119

E. Roadmap of Part Two=120

Professional Development Reflection Questions=121

Chapter 7. The Distinction between Legislative Rules and Non-Legislative Rules=123

Overview=123

Chapter Problem=123

A. Why It Matters Whether a Rule Is a Legislative or a Non-Legislative Rule=125

1. Legislative Rules Have the Force and Effect of Law=125

a. A Legislative Rule Binds Members of the Public=125

b. A Legislative Rule Binds the Agency=126

Exercise : Challenging the Application and Validity of Legislative Rules=127

2. Other Differences between Legislative and Non-Legislative Rules=128

a. Different Procedures for Making=128

b. Different Codification Requirements=128

c. Different Constitutional Implications=128

d. Different Scope of Federal Judicial Review=128

Exercise : Differences between Legislative and Non-Legislative Rules=129

B. Types of Non-Legislative Rules=129

1. Interpretative(Also Known as "Interpretive") Rules=130

2. General Statements of Policy=132

C. To Make Legislative Rules, an Agency Needs Statutory Power to Make Legislative Rules=133

1. Open-Ended Grants of Rulemaking Power=134

Exercise : The Stakes of Establishing the Legislative or Non-Legislative Status of a Rule=136

2. Statutory Grants of Power to Make Rules That, If Violated, Expose the Violator to Statutorily Authorized Sanctions=136

3. Statutory Grants of Power to Make Rules Necessary to Complete the Statutory Scheme=137

4. Summary=138

Exercise : Determining Whether Agency Legislation Grants Power to Make Legislative Rules=139

D. How to Tell If a Rule Is a Legislative or a Non-Legislative Rule=139

E. The Distinction between "Legislative" Rules and "Substantive" Rules=140

F. Types of Rules Recognized in APAs=142

1. Federal APA=142

2. State APAs=143

G. Chapter 7 Wrap Up and Look Ahead=144

Chapter Problem Revisited=144

Professional Development Reflection Question=145

Chapter 8. Agency Rulemaking Power=147

Overview=147

Chapter Problem=147

A. Sources of Power for Legislative and Non-Legislative Rules=148

B. The Nondelegation Doctrine as a Limit on Statutes Granting Federal Agencies Power to Make Legislative Rules=149

1. Background on Federal Nondelegation Doctrine=150

a. Relevant Constitutional Text=150

b. Historical U.S. Supreme Court Case Law=152

2. Modern Federal Nondelegation Doctrine=154

a. The Most Common Situation in Which the Nondelegation Doctrine Arises=154

Exercise : Whitman v. American Trucking=154

Whitman v. American Trucking Associatio11S, Inc.=154

Exercise : Whitman Revisited=157

b. Other Situations Presenting Delegation Issues=157

Exercise : Interpreting Statutes to Avoid Delegation Problems=158

Exercise : Agency Power to Make Rules Identifying Conduct Subject to Criminal Punishment=159

Exercise : Making Sense of Federal Constitutional Limits on Delegations=159

3. Modern Nondelegation Doctrine in the States=160

a. The Federal Nondelegation Doctrine Does Not Apply to the States=160

b. The Sources and Prevalence of the Nondelegation Doctrine in the States=160

4. Delegations of Power to Private Entities=161

C. Other Limits on Statutes Granting Agencies Power to Make Legislative Rules=162

Exercise : Refining the Problem Solving Framework=162

D. Chapter 8 Wrap Up and Look Ahead=163

Chapter Problem Revisited=164

Professional Development Reflection Question=164

Chapter 9. Limits on Agency Rulemaking Power=167

Overview=167

Chapter Problem=167

A. Internal Limits on Agency Rulemaking Power=168

1. Internal Substantive Limits=168

a. Internal Substantive Limits on Agency Rulemaking Power―The "Ultra Vires" Concept=168

b. Internal Substantive Requirements for Exercise of Agency Rulemaking Power=170

2. Internal Procedural Limits=171

Exercise : Analyzing Internal Procedural Requirements for Agency Rulemaking=172

B. External Limits on Agency Rulemaking Power=173

1. Constitutional Law=173

a. Substantive Limits=173

b. Procedural Limits=174

2. Statutory Law=174

a. Substantive Limits=174

b. Procedural Limits=175

3. Agency Rules and Other Executive-Branch Material=175

a. The Agency's Own Rules=175

b. Other Executive-Branch Material=177

4. Judicial Review=177

a. Substantive Limits=177

b. Procedural Requirements=179

Exercise : Vermont Yankee=180

Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.=180

Exercise : Vermont Yankee Revisited=186

C. Chapter 9 Wrap Up and Look Ahead=188

Chapter Problem Revisited=189

Professional Development Reflection Questions=189

Chapter 10. The APA as a Source of Procedural Requirements for Agency Rulemaking=191

Overview=191

Chapter Problem=191

A. Framework for Analyzing APA's Applicability to an Agency Rule=193

B. Step 1 of Analysis : Does the APA Apply to This Agency?=194

C. Step 2 of Analysis : If the APA Does Apply to the Agency, Do the APA's Rulemaking Requirements Apply to the Rule under Analysis?―Examining the APA Exemptions=194

1. Federal APA Rulemaking Exemptions=194

Exercise : Outlining Federal APA §553=196

a. The Differences between the Exemptions in §553(a) and Those in §553(b)=196

Exercise : The §553 Exemptions=199

b. Subject-Matter Exemptions in Section 553(a)=200

c. Exemptions for Interpretative Rules, Policy Statements, and Procedural Rules=202

Exercise : Applying the Exemption for Procedural Rules=204

d. The Good Cause Exemption=209

Exercise : Federal Agency Use of the "Good Cause" Exemption=212

e. Researching the Exemptions=212

2. State APA Rulemaking Exemptions=213

D. Step 2 of Analysis, Continued : If the APA Does Apply to the Agency, Do the APA's Rulemaking Requirements Apply to the Rule under Analysis?―Examining the Agency Legislation and Agency Rules=214

1. The Agency Legislation and Agency Rules Are Silent=215

2. The Agency Legislation Expressly Exempts Some or All of the Agency's Rules from the APA's Rulemaking Requirements=215

3. The Agency Legislation Expressly Subjects Agency Rules to the APA=217

Exercise : Analyzing Statutory References to APA Rulemaking Procedures=218

4. The Agency Rules Make the APA's Rulemaking Requirements Applicable=219

Exercise : Learning the Framework for Analyzing the APA'S Applicability to an Agency Rule=222

Exercise : Keeping Sight of the Forest while Continuing to Examine the Trees=222

E. Chapter 10 Wrap Up and Look Ahead=223

Chapter Problem Revisited=223

Professional Development Reflection Question=224

Chapter 11. Types of Rulemaking under the APA=225

Overview=225

A. The Three Types of Rulemaking under the Federal APA=226

Exercise : Learning the Three Types of Rulemaking under the Federal APA=227

B. Agency Legislation Requiring Informal Rulemaking under the Federal APA=228

1. The Agency Statute Is Silent=228

2. The Agency Statute Expressly Refers to the APA's Informal Rulemaking Requirements=228

Exercise : Examining Federal Agency Legislation to Determine What Kind of Rulemaking Proceeding Is Required=229

C. Agency Legislation Requiring Formal Rulemaking under the Federal APA=229

Exercise : Identifying Statutes that Trigger Formal Rulemaking under the Federal APA=233

D. Agency Legislation Requiring Hybrid Rulemaking under the Federal APA=234

1. Agency Legislation Expressly Modifying the APA=234

2. Agency Statutes That Modify the APA's Informal Rulemaking Procedures without Mentioning the APA=236

3. Agency Statutes Requiring Rules to Be Made after a "Hearing"=237

E. Types of Rulemaking under State APAs=238

F. Procedural Steps Common to All Types of Rulemaking under an APA=240

G. Chapter 11 Wrap Up and Look Ahead=240

Professional Development Reflection Questions=241

Chapter 12. Informal Rulemaking=243

Overview=243

Chapter Problem=243

A. The Federal Agency Publishes General Notice of Proposed Rulemaking=246

1. The Purpose and Express Requirements of APA §553(b)=246

a. Purpose of Notice=246

b. The Federal Register=247

c. Information Expressly Required by §553(b)=247

Exercise : Basic Analysis of a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking=248

2. The Requirement That an Agency Disclose the Technical Basis of a Proposed Rule=252

Exercise : American Radio Relay League=252

American Radio Relay League, Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission=253

Exercise : American Radio Relay League Revisited=259

3. Deviation between the Proposed Rule and the Final Rule=260

Exercise : The Logical Outgrowth Test=262

B. The Federal Agency Gives the Public a Chance to File Written Comments on the Proposed Rule=262

Exercise : Comments on Proposed Rules=264

C. The Federal Agency Considers Public Input on the Proposed Rule and Other Relevant Matters When Deciding on the Final Rule=264

1. What Is "[R]elevant"?=265

Exercise : Generally "Relevant" Considerations=267

2. What Does the "[M]atter [P]resented" Include?=268

a. The Federal APA Generally Does Not Forbid Off-the-Record Communications in Informal Rulemaking=269

b. If the Off-the-Record Communication Causes a Federal Agency to Consider Irrelevant Factors, the Agency's Reliance on It Could Make the Rule Invalid=270

c. A Federal Agency's Own Rules or Policies, or the Agency Legislation, May Bar the Agency from Considering Off-the-Record Communications in Informal or Hybrid Rulemaking=271

d. In Formal Rulemaking(as well as Formal Adjudication), the Federal APA Requires the Agency to Consider Only Evidence That Has Been Made Part of the Record under Provisions That Restrict Ex Parte Communications=271

e. The President Gets Special Treatment When It Comes to Communicating Off-the-Record with Federal Officials in Executive-Branch Agencies during Informal Rulemaking=272

f. In a Judicial Challenge to a Rule Made through Informal Rulemaking, the Federal Agency Must Submit to the Reviewing Court an "Administrative Record" with All Material on Which the Agency Based the Rule=272

3. How Can You Tell If a Federal Agency Has "[C]onsider[ed] … [R]elevant [M]atter [P]resented"?=272

D. The Federal Agency Publishes the Final Rule along with a Concise General Statement of Its Basis and Purpose=274

1. Publication of the Final Rule=274

2. Concise General Statement=274

a. The Agency Must Respond to Significant Public Comments=276

b. The Agency Must Explain How the Rule Meets Statutory Requirements or Purposes, Unless This Is Obvious=277

c. The Agency Must Explain the Connection between Its Rule and the Relevant Data or Other Relevant Evidence=279

d. The Agency Must Consider Significant Alternatives to the Approach Taken in the Final Rule and Explain Why It Rejected Those Alternatives=279

e. The Agency Must Explain Any "Change in Course"=281

E. The Federal Agency Makes the Rule Effective No Sooner Than 30 Days after Publication=282

F. Rulemaking Requirements in State APAs=283

G. Chapter 12 Warp Up and Look Ahead=285

Chapter Problem Revisited=285

Professional Development Reflection Questions=286

Chapter 13. Formal Rulemaking=289

Overview=289

Chapter Problem=289

A. Review : The Five Steps of Rulemaking under the Federal APA=290

B. Similarities between Formal and Informal Rulemaking=290

Exercise : Recognizing an NOPR for Formal Rulemaking=290

C. Differences between Formal and Informal Rulemaking=291

1. Public Participation=291

2. Agency Consideration of Public Input=291

3. Agency Explanation of the Final Rule=292

D. Chapter 13 Wrap Up and Look Ahead=292

Chapter Problem Revisited=292

Chapter 14. Hybrid Rulemaking=293

Overview=293

Chapter Problem=293

A. Context for Studying Hybrid Rulemaking=294

B. One Example of a Hybrid Rulemaking Statute=294

1. Notify the Public of the Proposed Rulemaking=297

2. Invite Public Input on the Proposed Rule=298

3. Consider That Input When Deciding on the Final Rule=298

4. Explain the Final Rule=298

5. Publish the Final Rule before It Takes Effect=299

Exercise : Hybrid Rulemaking=299

C. Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking=299

Exercise : Comparing Hybrid Rulemaking to Other Types of Federal Rulemaking=302

D. Chapter 14 Wrap Up and Look Ahead=302

Chapter Problem Revisited=303

Professional Development Reflection Questions=303

Chapter 15. Other Laws Creating Procedural Requirements for Rulemaking=305

Overview=305

A. Federal Statutes=305

1. National Environmental Policy Act=306

2. Regulatory Flexibility Act=307

3. Paperwork Reduction Act=308

4. Information Quality Act(Also Known as the Data Quality Act)=308

5. Unfunded Mandate Reform Act=309

6. Congressional Review Act=309

7. Negotiated Rulemaking Act=310

B. Presidential Executive Orders=311

1. Background on Executive Orders=312

a. An Executive Order Cannot Conflict with a Valid Statute=312

b. Violations of Executive Orders Are Usually Not Judicially Reviewable=312

c. Many Executive Orders Do Not Apply at All, or Do Not Apply Fully, to Independent Agencies=313

d. Finding Executive Orders=313

2. Executive Orders on Federal Rulemaking=314

Exercise : Using Secondary Material to Identify Required Rulemaking Procedures=315

C. Dealing with the Complexity of Federal Rulemaking=315

D. State Laws=317

E. Chapter 15 Wrap Up and Look Ahead=317

Professional Development Reflection Questions=318

Chapter 16. Legal Effect of a Valid Legislative Rule When Published=319

Overview=319

Chapter Problem 1=320

Chapter Problem 2=320

Chapter Problem 3=321

A. Retroactive(Also Known as "Retrospective") Rules=321

1. Determining Whether a Rule Is Retroactive=322

a. Rules That Are Clearly Retroactive=322

Exercise : Identifying Clearly Retroactive Rules=322

b. Rules That Are Not Retroactive=322

c. Hard Cases and the Principles for Analyzing Them=324

Exercise : Devising an Analytic Approach for Identifying Retroactive Rules=326

2. Determining Whether an Agency May Adopt Retroactive Legislative Rules=327

a. Federal Constitutional Restrictions on Retroactive Laws=327

b. Federal Agency Authority to Make Retroactive Rules=328

Exercise : Identifying Retroactive Laws=329

3. State Law on Retroactive Rulemaking by State Agencies=329

B. Effect of Publication of Legislative Rules=330

1. Effect of Agency's Failure to Publish a Rule=330

2. Effect of Publishing a Legislative Rule=331

Exercise : Relying on Government Advice=332

3. Publication of State Agency Rules=333

C. Federal Regulatory Preemption=334

1. Express Preemption=335

Exercise : Express Preemption=337

2. Implied Preemption=337

Exercise : Mapping regulatory preemption=339

D. Chapter 16 Wrap Up and Look A head=339

Chapter Problem 1 Revisited=340

Chapter Problem 2 Revisited=341

Chapter Problem 3 Revisited=341

Professional Development Reflection Questions=342

Part Three Agency Adjudication

Chapter 17. Introduction to Agency Adjudication=345

Overview=345

Chapter Problem=345

A. How and Why Agencies Get Adjudicatory Power=346

Exercise : Allocating Adjudicatory Authority between Agencies and Courts=347

B. What Lawyers Do in Agency Adjudications=348

Exercise : Introduction to Agency Adjudications=349

C. How Agency Adjudication Compares to Court Adjudication=350

1. Federal Agency Adjudications=351

a. Formal Adjudications=351

b. Informal Adjudications=351

Summary : Distinguishing Formal from Informal Adjudication=353

2. State Agency Adjudications=353

Exercise : Determining Agency Adjudication Procedures=354

D. How Agency Adjudication Compares to Agency Rulemaking=354

1. Procedural Differences=354

a. Notice of the Initiation of the Proceeding=354

b. Participation=355

c. Notice of the Outcome of the Proceeding=355

2. Nature of Agency Determinations=355

a. "Adjudicative Facts" vs. "Legislative Facts"=355

b. Applying Law vs. Making Law ; Making Policy=356

3. Legal Effect=356

4. Summary=356

E. Common Subjects of Agency Adjudication=356

1. Enforcement Proceedings=357

2. Benefits Proceedings=357

3. Licensing Proceedings=358

4. Parties to Agency Adjudication=358

a. Workers' Compensation Schemes=358

b. Reparations Claims=359

c. Patent Interference Proceedings=359

5. Cautions=359

Exercise : Common Types of Agency Adjudication=360

F. The Distinction between the Agency as Adjudicator and the Agency as Litigant=360

1. Agency Adjudication Followed by Court Adjudication=361

a. Judicial Review of Agency Orders=361

b. Judicial Enforcement of Agency Orders=362

2. Court Adjudications Not Preceded by an Agency Adjudication=362

a. The Agency as Plaintiff=362

b. The Agency as Defendant=364

Exercise : Agency as Adjudicator and Litigant=364

G. Agency Adjudication within the Problem Solving Framework=365

H. Chapter 17 Wrap Up and Roadmap of Part 3=365

Chapter Problem Revisited=366

Professional Development Reflection Question=367

Chapter 18. Agency Adjudicatory Power=369

Overview=369

Chapter Problem=369

A. Analyzing Agency Adjudicatory Power=370

B. Identifying and Analyzing Grants of Adjudicatory Power to Agencies=371

1. Identifying the Source of Adjudicatory Authority=371

2. Analyzing Potential Sources of Agency Adjudicatory Authority=371

a. Statutes Granting Agencies Power to Conduct Enforcement Proceedings=372

b. Statutes Granting Agencies Power to Distribute Benefits=374

c. Statutes Granting Agencies Licensing Authority=375

d. Statutes Not Granting Adjudicatory Power=376

Exercise : Identifying Statutory Grants of Adjudicatory Power to an Agency=377

C. Federal Constitutional Restrictions on Statutory Grants of Adjudicatory Power to Federal Agencies=378

1. Relevant Constitutional Text=378

a. Textual Basis for Separation of Powers Doctrine=378

b. Textual Basis for Separation of Powers Limits and Seventh Amendment Limits on Federal Adjudicative Delegations=379

2. Historical U.S. Supreme Court Case Law=380

a. Public Rights=380

Exercise : Identifying Public Rights=381

b. Agencies as Adjuncts to Courts=381

c. Continuing Relevance of Historical Case Law=382

3. Modern Federal Law on Adjudicative Delegations=382

a. Article III Limits=382

b. Seventh Amendment Limits=386

c. Federal Agency Adjudication of Fines and Other Penalties=388

Exercise : Framework for Analyzing Adjudicative Delegations=388

D. Modern State Law on Adjudicative Delegations to State Agencies=388

E. Chapter 18 Wrap Up and Look Ahead=390

Chapter Problem Revisited=391

Professional Development Reflection Questions=391

Chapter 19. Limits on Agency Adjudicatory Power=393

Overview=393

Chapter Problem=394

A. Internal Limits on Agency Adjudicatory Power=394

1. Internal Limits on Agency Adjudicatory Power=394

a. Ultra Vires Agency Adjudications=394

Exercise : Ultra Vires Adjudicatory Orders=395

b. Other Violations of Substantive Internal Limits=396

2. Internal Procedural Limits and Quasi-Procedural/Quasi-Substantive Limits=397

B. External Limits on Agency Adjudicatory Power=399

1. Constitutional Law=399

a. Substantive Limits=399

b. Procedural Limits=399

2. Statutory Law=400

a. Substantive Limits=400

b. Procedural Limits=400

c. Mixed Substantive and Procedural Limits=401

3. Agency Rules and Other Executive-Branch Material=402

a. Compliance with the Agency's Own Rules=402

b. Compliance with Other, Valid Executive-Branch Material=405

4. Judicial Review=406

a. Substantive Limits=406

b. Procedural Requirements=408

C. Chapter 19 Wrap Up and Look Ahead=408

Chapter Problem Revisited=409

Professional Development Reflection Questions=409

Chapter 20. The Due Process Clauses as Sources of Procedural Requirements for Agency Adjudications=411

Overview=411

Chapter Problem=412

A. Context=412

1. Why Study Due Process in an Administrative Law Course=413

2. What Due Process Doctrine We Study in Administrative Law=414

Exercise : Due Process in Context=414

3. Other Contextual Considerations=415

B. Text, Framework for Due Process Analysis, and Overview of Due Process Principles=416

Exercise : Due Process Framework=418

C. Question One : Does Due Process Apply?=418

1. There Must Be Conduct Attributable to the Government=418

Exercise : The "State Action" Doctrine=420

2. The Conduct Must Cause a Deprivation=420

Exercise : Deprivations=421

3. The Deprivation Must Affect a Person=421

4. The Deprivation Must Be a Deprivation of Life, Liberty, or Property=422

a. Property=422

Exercise : Board of Regents v. Roth and Perry v. Sindermann=424

Board of Regents v. Roth=424

Perry v. Sindermann=427

Exercise : Board of Regents v. Roth and Perry v. Sindermann Revisited=429

b. Liberty=433

D. Question Two : If Due Process Applies, What Process Is Due?=435

1. Mathews v. Eldridge=436

a. Context for Studying Mathews=436

b. The Mathews v. Eldridge Opinion=436

Mathews v. Eldridge=437

c. Significance of Mathews v. Eldridge=443

2. Due Process Principles=445

a. The Timing Principle : Generally Requiring a Pre-Deprivation Notice and Right to Be Heard=445

Exercise : The General Rule Requiring Pre-Deprivation Notice and Some Kind of Hearing=447

b. The Elaborateness Principle : The Pre-Deprivation Hearing Need Not Be as Elaborate as a Trial=448

Exercise : "Some Kind of Hearing"=448

3. An Unbiased Decision Maker=449

a. The Opinion in Withrow v. Larkin=449

Exercise : Withrow v. Larkin=449

Withrow v. Larkin=449

b. Significance of Withrow v. Larkin=452

c. Scope of the Due Process Rule Requiring Unbiased Agency Adjudicators=452

d. Improper Pecuniary Interests=454

e. Personal Animosity=455

f. Ex parte Contacts=455

E. Chapter 20 Wrap Up and Look Ahead=455

Chapter Problem Revisited=456

Professional Development Reflection Question=457

Chapter 21. The APA as a Source of Procedural Requirements for Agency Adjudications=459

Overview=459

Chapter Problem=459

A. Identifying an "Adjudication" or "Order" for Purposes of the Federal APA=461

Exercise : Identifying Agency Adjudication=464

B. Framework for Determining the Federal APA's Applicability to a Federal Agency Adjudication=464

C. First Step : Does the Federal APA Apply to the Agency under Analysis?=465

D. Second Step, Part(a) : If the Federal APA Does Apply to the Agency under Analysis, and the Agency Action under Analysis Is an Adjudication, Do the APA's Formal Adjudication Requirements Apply to This Adjudication?=466

1. The Agency Legislation Must Not Exempt the Adjudication from the APA's Formal Adjudication Requirements=466

2. The Agency Legislation Must Require the Adjudication "[T]o [B]e an [A]gency [H]earing'=467

a. The Agency Legislation Requires Both an Opportunity for a Hearing and a Determination on the Record=468

Exercise : Federal Statutes Triggering Formal Adjudication under the Federal APA=471

b. The Agency Legislation Requires the Agency to Provide an Opportunity for a "Hearing," but Does Not Expressly Require an On-the-Record Determination=471

c. The Agency Legislation Does Not Plainly Trigger Formal Adjudication, but the Due Process Clause Applies to the Adjudication=473

3. The Adjudication Must Not Fall within One of the Exemptions Prescribed in Federal APA §§554(a)(1) through(a)(6)=475

a. "[A] [M]atter [S]ubject to a [S]ubsequent [T]rial of the [L]aw and the [F]acts de [N]ovo in a [C]ourt"=476

b. "[T]he [S]election or [T]enure of an [E]mployee, [E]xcept an [A]dministrative [L]aw(J]udge [A]ppointed under [S]ection 3105 of [T]his [T]itle"=477

c. "[P]roceedings in [W]hich [D]ecisions [R]est [S]olely on [I]nspections, [T]ests, or [E]lections"=477

d. "[T]he [C]onduct of [M]ilitary or [F]oreign [A]ffairs [F]unctions"=477

e. "[C]ases in [W]hich an [A]gency [I]s [A]cting as an [A]gent for a [C]ourt"=477

f. "[T]he [C]ertification of [W]orker [R]epresentatives"=477

Exercise : Determining Whether an Agency Statute Triggers Formal Adjudication under the Federal APA=478

E. Second Step, Part(b) : If the Federal APA Does Apply to the Agency under Analysis, and the Agency Action under Analysis Is an Adjudication, Does Federal APA §§555 or 558 Apply to This Adjudication?=478

1. §555=479

a. Introduction=479

b. §555 Provisions Most Relevant to Informal Adjudications=479

Exercise : Exercising Rights under §555 of the Federal APA in Informal Adjudications=482

2. §558=483

a. Introduction=483

b. §558's Requirements for Licensing=483

Exercise : License Provisions 485

F. Third Step : If the Federal APA Does Apply to the Agency Adjudication under Analysis, How Does the APA Interact with Other Laws Applicable to the Adjudication?=486

G. Determining the Applicability of a State APA to a State Agency Adjudication=489

H. Chapter 21 Wrap Up and Look Ahead=491

Exercise : Keeping Sight of the Forest While Continuing Your Scrutiny of the Trees=492

Chapter Problem Revisited=492

Professional Development Reflection Questions=493

Chapter 22. Formal Adjudications under an APA―Initiation and Prehearing Procedures=495

Overview=495

Chapter Problem=495

A. Context for Examining the Federal APA's Formal Adjudication Requirements=496

B. Stages of a Formal Adjudication under the APA=496

C. Initiation of a Formal Adjudication under the Federal APA=498

1. Who Initiates the Adjudication=498

a. Enforcement Proceedings=498

Exercise : Advocacy at the Initiation Stage=501

b. Licensing Proceedings=501

c. Benefits Proceedings=502

2. Notice=502

a. Who Is Entitled to Notice=503

b. Contents of Notice=505

c. Responses to the Matters Asserted by the Moving Party=507

3. Who Participates as Parties to the Adjudication=509

a. The APA=510

b. The Agency Legislation=511

c. Agency Rules=512

d. Case Law=512

D. Prehearing Procedures in Formal Adjudications under the Federal APA=515

1. Administrative Law Judges=515

a. Officials Who May Preside at the Formal Hearing=515

b. ALJ Independence=516

Exercise : ALJ Independence=517

2. Discovery=518

a. APA Provisions=518

b. The Agency Legislation=520

c. Agency Rules=520

d. Due Process=521

3. Settlement=521

a. Agency Approval of Settlements=522

b. Agency Settlement Procedures=523

c. Judicial Review of Settlements=525

4. Prehearing Conferences=529

5. Administrative Summary Judgment=531

E. Initiation and Prehearing Procedures in Contested Cases under a State APA=534

1. Initiation of Contested Cases=534

2. Prehearing Procedures=535

F. Chapter 22 Wrap Up and Look Ahead=536

Chapter Problem Revisited=537

Professional Development Reflection Question=537

Chapter 23. Formal Adjudications under an APA―Hearings=539

Overview=539

Chapter Problem=539

A. Powers of a Presiding Official in a Formal Adjudication under the Federal APA=540

B. The Course of the Hearing in a Formal Adjudication under the Federal APA=541

1. Burden of Proof=541

Exercise : Director, Office of Workers' Compensation Programs, Department of Labor v. Greenwich Collieries=542

Director, Office of Workers' Compensation Programs, Department of Labor v. Greenwich Collieries=542

Exercise : Greenwich Collieries Revisited=546

2. Standard of Proof=547

Exercise : Standard of Proof=548

3. Admissibility of Evidence=549

Exercise : Reliance on Hearsay in Formal Adjudications=551

4. Cross-Examination=552

Exercise : The Right of Cross-Examination=552

5. Proof by Methods Other Than Ordinary, Record Evidence=553

a. Inferences, Presumptions, Methods of Proof=553

b. Rules Establishing Generalized Facts=554

c. Official Notice=555

6. Hearings Based Solely on Documentary Evidence=557

C. The Course of the Hearing in a Formal Adjudication(Contested Case) under a State APA=557

1. Burden of Proof=558

2. Standard of Proof=558

3. Admissibility of Evidence=558

4. Cross-Examination=559

5. Proof by Methods Other Than Ordinary, Record Evidence=559

D. Chapter 23 Wrap Up and Look Ahead=559

Chapter Problem Revisited=560

Professional Development Reflection Questions=561

Chapter 24. Formal Adjudications under an APA―Decisions=563

Overview=563

Chapter Problem=563

A. Context and Essential History : Agency Decisions in Formal Adjudications as Institutional Decisions=564

1. Description of the Morgan Cases=564

2. Significance of the Morgan Cases=567

a. Delegation within Agencies=568

b. Judicial Probing of Administrators' Thought Processes=569

Exercise : Applying the Morgan Cases=570

B. Decision Requirements in Agency Legislation and Agency Rules=570

C. Decision Requirements in the Federal APA=570

1. APA Decisional Requirements in a Nutshell=570

2. Original Decisions by the ALJ(or Other Hearing Officer)=571

3. Review of Original Decisions=572

a. Initial Decisions=572

b. Recommended Decisions=572

c. Tentative Decisions and Recommended Decisions of Responsible Employees=573

4. Right to Submit Proposed Findings and Conclusions, Exceptions, and Supporting Reasons=573

5. Required Contents of Decisions=574

a. APA Requirements=574

b. The Distinction between "Basic" Facts and "Ultimate" Facts=574

Saginaw Broadcasting Co. v. Federal Communications Commission(Gross et al., Intervenors)=575

c. Rehearing and Reopening=578

D. Restrictions on Ex Parte Communications under Federal Law=578

1. §554(d)=578

2. §557(d)=580

3. Due Process=584

Exercise : Ex Parte Contacts=584

E. Decision Requirements under a State APA=586

F. Chapter 24 Wrap Up and Look Ahead=586

Chapter Problem Revisited=587

Professional Development Reflection Questions=587

Chapter 25. Agency Choice between Rulemaking and Adjudication=589

Overview=589

Chapter Problem=589

A. Context=590

Exercise : Factors Influencing the Choice between Rulemaking and Adjudication=591

B. The General Rule for Federal Agencies=592

Exercise : SEC v. Chenery=592

Securities and Exchange Commission v. Chenery Corporation=592

Exercise : Chenery Revisited=598

C. Exceptions to the Choice of Means Principle=598

1. Abuse of Discretion=599

2. Mandatory Language in Agency Legislation=600

3. Constitutional Considerations―Due Process and Equal Protection=600

a. Equal Protection=600

b. Due Process=601

Elizondo v. Department of Revenue=601

Exercise : Elizondo Revisited=603

c. Common Law or Equitable Principles=604

Exercise : Sun Ray Drive-In Dairy=606

D. Court-Ordered Adjudication=607

Exercise : The Storer Broadcasting Line of Cases=609

E. Chapter 25 Wrap Up and Look Ahead=609

Chapter Problem Revisited=609

Professional Development Reflection Questions=610

Chapter 26. Effect of Valid Agency Adjudicatory Decisions=613

Overview=613

Chapter Problem 1=613

Chapter Problem 2=614

A. Direct Effect of the Agency Decision on the Agency and the Parties=614

Exercise : Statutes and Agency Rules for Advisory Opinions=615

B. Administrative Stare Decisis=615

Exercise : Agency Precedent=617

C. Administrative Res Judicata=617

1. Defining Administrative Res Judicata and Distinguishing It from Other, Similar Situations and Doctrines=617

a. The Situation in Which Administrative Res Judicata Operates=617

b. Distinguishing Administrative Res Judicata from Other Situations=619

Exercise : Identifying Situations in Which Administrative Res Judicata Potentially May Operate=620

2. Requirements for Administrative Res Judicata=620

a. Sources of Requirements=620

b. Federal Common Law Requirements for Administrative Res Judicata=622

c. Statutory Modification of Administrative Res Judicata=624

Exercise : Reflecting on Reasons for Statutory Modification or Elimination of Administrative Res Judicata=625

D. Special Rules That Differ From, but Are Easy to Confuse with, Administrative Res Judicata ; and Agency Non-Acquiescence=626

1. Special Rules for Invoking Equitable Estoppel against the Government=626

2. Special Rules of Traditional Res Judicata for Cases to Which the Government Is a Party=628

3. Agency Non-Acquiescence=630

E. Chapter 26 Wrap Up and Look Ahead=632

Chapter Problem 1 Revisited=632

Chapter Problem 2 Revisited=633

Professional Development Reflection Question=635

Part Four Judicial Review

Chapter 27. Introduction to Judicial Review of Agency Action=639

Overview=639

A. Context=639

B. Two Aspects of Judicial Review of Agency Action=640

C. Roadmap of Part Four(Judicial Review)=640

Chapter 28. Jurisdiction and Venue=643

Overview=643

Chapter Problem=643

A. Jurisdiction : The Requirement for a Statute Granting Jurisdiction=644

1. Specialized Statutory Grants of Jurisdiction=644

a. Examples of Special Review Statutes=645

b. Exclusivity of Special Review Statutes=647

Exercise : Identifying Special Review Statutes=649

2. General Jurisdiction Statutes=649

3. The Federal Administrative Procedure Act=650

Exercise : Non-Jurisdictional Nature of the Federal APA=650

4. Jurisdiction of State Courts to Review State Agency Action=650

B. Jurisdiction : Sovereign Immunity=651

1. Suits against the Federal Government and Its Agencies and Officials for Review of Federal Agency Action=651

2. Suits against States and Their Agencies and Officials=653

Exercise : Sovereign Immunity Research=654

C. Jurisdiction : Standing Requirements in Federal Court=654

1. Standing in the Administrative Law Context=655

Exercise : Identifying Easy and Hard Standing Cases=656

2. Constitutional Standing Requirements=657

a. Injury in Fact=658

Exercise : Identifying Cognizable Aesthetic Injury=659

Exercise : Risk as Injury in Fact=661

Exercise : Fear as Injury in Fact=662

Exercise : Analyzing Injury in Fact=665

b. Traceability=666

c. Redressability=667

3. Prudential Standing Requirements=667

a. Third-Party Standing=667

b. Generalized Grievances=668

c. Zone of Interests=668

4. Statutory "Standing" Requirements=669

a. Zone of Interests Requirement=669

Exercise : Bennett v. Spear=673

Bennett v. Spear=673

Exercise : Bennett v. Spear Revisited=681

Exercise : Identifying When the Zone of Interests Requirement Applies=682

b. Party Restrictions=682

Exercise : Synthesizing Standing Requirements=683

D. Jurisdiction : Standing Requirements in State Courts=684

Exercise : State Court Standing=684

E. Venue=684

F. Chapter 28 Wrap Up and Look Ahead=685

Chapter Problem Revisited=686

Professional Development Reflection Question=687

Chapter 29. Cause of Action=689

Overview=689

Chapter Problem=689

A. The Requirement of a Cause of Action=690

B. Sources of a Cause of Action for Review of Federal Agency Action=691

1. Special Statutory Review=691

2. General Statutory Review=695

a. APA's Creation of a Cause of Action=695

Exercise : Determining the Scope of the APA-Created Cause of Action=697

b. Limits on the Scope of the APA-Created Cause of Action=697

Exercise : Identifying ''Agency Action" under the Federal APA=699

c. Warning! "Danger, Will Robinson!"=700

Exercise : Special Statutory Review=701

3. "Nonstatutory" Review=701

C. Sources of a Cause of Action for Review of State Agency Action=703

D. Preclusion of Review=704

1. Presumption of Reviewability=704

a. Federal Law=704

b. State Law=705

2. Preclusion of Judicial Challenges to Agency Action=706

a. Federal Law=706

Exercise : Statutory Preclusion=708

b. State Law=710

3. Preclusion in Enforcement Proceedings=710

E. Chapter 29 Wrap Up and Look Ahead=713

Chapter Problem Revisited=713

Professional Development Reflection Question=714

Chapter 30. Timing=717

Overview=717

Chapter Problem 1=717

Chapter Problem 2=718

A. Finality=719

1. What Is the Finality Requirement? What Is Its Rationale? Where Do You Find It?=719

2. How Do You Tell If an Agency Action Is Final?=720

a. General Framework=720

Exercise : The Two-Part Test for Federal Agency Action to Be Final=721

b. Finality When Decision Making Involves Multiple Governmental Entities=721

c. Finality of Interlocutory Agency Decisions=722

Exercise : Finality of Interlocutory Agency Rulings=722

d. Finality of Agency Guidance Documents=724

e. Finality of Agency Inaction=725

f. Final Thoughts on Finality=725

Exercise : Identifying Agency Actions That Raise Finality Concerns=726

B. Ripeness=726

1. What Is the Ripeness Requirement? What Is Its Rationale? Where Do You Find It?=727

2. How Do You Tell If a Lawsuit Challenging Agency Action Is Ripe?=727

a. The Traditional Ripeness Doctrine=728

Exercise : Abbott Laboratories v. Gardner=728

Abbott Laboratories v. Gardner=728

Exercise : Revisiting the Abbott Labs Trilogy=732

Exercise : Ohio Forestry Association v. Sierra Club=735

b. Special Review Statutes Authorizing Pre-Enforcement Review of Agency Rules=735

c. Informal Agency Action=736

Exercise : Determining the Ripeness of Informal Agency Action=737

3. Ripeness in State Law=738

4. Ripeness Is Necessary but Not Sufficient for Judicial Review=739

C. Exhaustion=739

1. The Traditional Doctrine=739

a. Sources and Rationales of, and Exceptions to, the Exhaustion Requirement=739

McCarthy v. Madigan=740

Exercise : McCarthy Revisited=743

b. The Traditional Requirement of "Proper" Exhaustion=743

2. Statutory Alteration of Traditional Exhaustion Doctrine=744

a. Statutory Alteration in General=744

b. Federal APA Modification of Traditional Exhaustion Doctrine=745

c. State Law on Exhaustion=746

3. Effect of Failure to Exhaust Administrative Remedies=746

4. Issue Exhaustion=747

a. Agency Adjudication=747

b. Agency Rulemaking=749

D. Relationship among Finality, Ripeness, and Exhaustion=750

1. Finality Is Usually Necessary, but Not Always Sufficient, to Produce a Ripe Challenge=750

2. Exhaustion Is Neither Sufficient nor Always Necessary to Produce a Final Decision That Is Ripe for Any Judicial Challenge=750

3. Ripeness Alone among the Timing Doctrines Invariably Considers the Precise Nature of the Particular Legal Challenge=751

E. Primary Jurisdiction=752

Exercise : Distinguishing Primary Jurisdiction from Exhaustion=753

F. Statutes of Limitations for Lawsuits Seeking Review of Agency Action=753

Exercise : Statutes of Limitation for Judicial Review of Agency Action=755

G. Chapter 30 Wrap Up and Look Ahead=755

Chapter Problem 1 Revisited=756

Chapter Problem 2 Revisited=757

Professional Development Reflection Question=758

Chapter 31. Introduction to the Scope of Judicial Review=759

Overview=759

A. The Connection between the Cause of Action and the Scope of Judicial Review=759

Exercise : APA-Type Challenges=761

B. Overview of the Scope of Review under the APA=761

C. Identifying Grounds for an APA-Type Challenge to Agency Action=763

D. The Appellate Model for Judicial Review of APA-Type Challenges to Agency Action=765

E. Standards of Judicial Review in APA-Type Challenges to Agency Action=767

F. Overview of Chapters on Scope of Judicial Review in APA-Type Challenges to Agency Action=768

Professional Development Reflection Question=770

Chapter 32. Questions of Law=771

Overview=771

Chapter Problem=771

A. Questions of Law in General=772

Exercise : Identifying Standards of Judicial Review Applicable to Questions of Law=774

B. Federal Agencies' Interpretation of Statutes They Administer=775

1. Historical Cases=775

a. Background on the Hearst Case=775

b. The Hearst Opinion=776

National Labor Relations Board v. Hearst Publications, Inc.=776

c. The Significance of Hearst=780

d. Background on the Skidmore Case=782

e. The Skidmore Opinion=783

Skidmore v. Swift & Co.=783

f. The Significance of Skidmore=786

2. Modern Cases=787

a. Background on the Chevron Case=787

b. The Chevron Opinion=789

Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.=789

Exercise : Chevron Revisited=795

c. The Significance of Chevron=795

d. The Mead Opinion=796

United States v. Mead Corporation=797

e. The Significance of Mead=802

Exercise : The Mead/Chevron Gauntlet=802

Exercise : Identifying When Chevron Applies and When Mead Applies=804

C. Federal Agencies' Interpretation of Their Own Rules=805

1. When Auer Deference Applies=805

2. Rationale for Auer Deference=807

3. Criticisms of Auer Deference=807

4. Limits on Auer Deference=807

D. State Agencies' Interpretations of Statutes They Administer and of Their Own Rules=809

Exercise : Specialized Review Standards in State Courts=810

E. Chapter 32 Wrap Up and Look Ahead=810

Chapter Problem Revisited=810

Professional Development Reflection Question=811

Chapter 33. The "Substantial Evidence" Standard=813

Overview=813

Chapter Problem=813

A. When Does the Substantial Evidence Standard Apply to Judicial Review of Federal Agency Action?=815

B. The Distinction between "Substantial Evidence" as a Standard of Judicial Review and "Substantial Evidence" as a Standard of Proof=816

C. What Does the Substantial Evidence Standard of Review Mean?=818

1. Universal Camera Corp. v. National Labor Relations Board=818

a. Background=818

b. The Universal Camera Opinion=820

Universal Camera Corp. v. National Labor Relations Board=820

c. The Significance of Universal Camera=823

2. Allentown Mack Sales & Service, Ine. v. National Labor Relations Board=824

a. The Allentown Mack Opinion=824

Allentown Mack Sales and Service, Inc. v. National Labor Relations Board=824

b. The Significance of Allentown Mack=830

D. The "Substantial Evidence" Standard in the States=833

E. Chapter 33 Wrap Up and Look Ahead=833

Chapter Problem Revisited=834

Professional Development Reflection Question=834

Chapter 34. The "Arbitrary and Capricious" Standard=835

Overview=835

Chapter Problem=835

A. When Does the Arbitrary and Capricious Standard Apply?=836

B. What Does the Arbitrary and Capricious Standard Mean?=838

C. Leading Cases on the Arbitrary and Capricious Standard=839

1. Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe=839

a. The Citizens to Preserve Overton Park Opinion=839

Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe=840

b. The Significance of Citizens to Preserve Overton Park=845

Exercise : The Arbitrary and Capricious Standard=846

2. The State Farm Case=849

a. The State Farm Opinion=849

Motor Vehicle Manufactruers Association of the United States, Inc. v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co.=849

b. The Significance of State Farm=855

Pension Benefit Guaranty Corp. v. The LTV Corp.=857

D. Chapter 34 Wrap Up and Look Ahead=860

Chapter Problem Revisited=861

Professional Development Reflection Questions=862

Chapter 35. Specialized Review Situations ; Judicial Remedies=863

Overview=863

Chapter Problem=863

A. Specialized Review Situations=864

1. Claims of Selective Enforcement=865

Exercise : Selective Enforcement=866

2. Agency Choice of Sanction=866

Exercise : Agency Choice of Sanctions=867

3. Agency Denial of Request to Rehear, Reconsider, or Reopen Prior Decision=867

Exercise : Agency Rehearing=869

4. Agency Denial of Rulemaking Petitions=869

5. Claim of Unreasonable or Unlawful Agency Delay=870

Exercise : Judicial Relief for Agency Delay=872

B. Remedies=872

1. Interim Relief=872

2. Relief Pending Judicial Review=873

a. Introduction=873

b. Federal APA=874

c. Special Review Provisions Addressing Stays=875

d. Federal Courts' Traditional Power to Stay Federal Agency Action Pending Review=875

e. Preliminary Injunctive Relief=876

3. Judicial Relief on a Final Judgment=877

a. Federal APA=877

Exercise : The Ordinary Remand Rule=879

b. Special Review Statutes=880

c. Nonstatutory Review=882

4. Harmless Error=883

5. Attorneys' Fees=885

C. Chapter 35 Wrap Up=885

Chapter Problem Revisited=886

Professional Development Reflection Questions=887

Chapter 36. Farewell!=889

Index=891