영문목차

Preface=xxvii

Acknowledgments=xxix

1. Formal Equality=1

A. Historical Foundations for Women's Claim to Formal Equality=3

1. The Historical Legacy : Women as Different and in Need of Protection=3

a. Economic and Social Legislation to Protect Women=3

Muller v. Oregon=4

Goesartv. Cleary=6

Putting Theory Into Practice=8

b. Women's Differences and the Practice of Law=9

Bradwell v. Illinois=10

2. The Case for Women's Suffrage=11

Declaration of Sentiments, Seneca Falls Convention, Seneca Falls, New York(July 1848)=13

United States v. Anthony(1873)=15

Address to the Legislature of the State of New York(February 14, 1854) / Elizabeth Cady Stanton=16

Note on the Birth and Rebirth of Modern Feminism=21

Putting Theory Into Practice=22

B. Formal Equality and the Constitutional Right to Equal Protection=22

1. The Right to Equal, Individualized Treatment=22

Reed v. Reed=24

Frontiero v. Richardson=25

Orr v. Orr=29

Putting Theory Into Practice=31

2. The Right to Equal Group Treatment=32

Stanton v. Stanton=32

Craig v. Boren=34

Notes=38

1. "Simple Little Case"?=38

2. The Role of Stereotyping in Formal Equality Analysis=39

3. Remedying Inequality in Formal Treatment=39

4. Who Is the Protected Victim?=40

5. The Equal Rights Amendment=41

Putting Theory Into Practice=43

3. Indirect Discrimination=43

Personnel Administrator of Massachusetts v. Feeney=44

Note on Nondiscriminatory and Discriminatory Intent=47

Putting Theory Into Practice=48

C. Formal Equality in Employment=49

1. The Equal Pay Act : Formal Equality Paradigm=49

EEOC v. Madison Community Unit School District No. 12=49

Notes=53

1. The Formal Equality Paradigm=53

2. Lilly Ledbetter and Pay Discrimination Claims Under Title VII=55

3. The Wage Gap=58

4. Factors Justifying Differences in Pay=60

5. "Comparable Worth" or "Pay Equity"=62

Putting Theory Into Practice=62

2. Title VII : Finding the Limits of Formal Equality=64

a. What Is Discriminadon "Because of Sex"?=66

Ezold v. Wolf, Block, Schorr & Solis-Cohen=66

Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins=73

Notes=77

1. Assessing the Facts in Ezold=77

2. The Significance of Stray Remarks=78

3. "Mixed Motive" Discrimination=79

4. Determining and Proving Intent in Disparate Treatment Cases=79

5. Upper-Level Employees=82

6. Systemic Bias=83

7. Strategies for Countering Bias in the Workplace=86

Putting Theory Into Practice=90

b. What Is Discrimination? The Special Case of Appearance Regulation=91

Jespersen v. Hurrah's Operating Company, Inc.=92

Notes=100

1. Judicial Ideology=100

2. The Importance of Appearance=101

3. Legal Standards=102

4. Weight=104

5. Laws Against Discrimination Based on Appearance=105

6. Sex and Age=106

7. Feminism and Appearance=107

Putting Theory Into Practice=108

c. When Is Sex a "Bona Fide Occupational Qualification"?=109

Dothard v. Rawlinson=109

Wilson v. Southwest Airlines Co.=115

Notes=120

1. The Business Necessity Defense=120

2. BFOQ and Sexual Authenticity=121

3. BFOQ and Customer Preferences=121

4. BFOQ and Privacy Considerations=122

5. BFOQs and Formal Equality Analysis=123

6. His Very Manhood?=124

Putting Theory Into Practice=126

D. State Public Accommodations Laws and Associational Freedoms=128

Board of Directors of Rotary International v. Rotary Club of Duarte=129

Foster v. Back Bay Spas=133

Notes=136

1. First Amendment Challenges=136

2. Separate but Equal=138

3. The Scope of State and Local Public Accommodations Laws=138

4. Law v. Public Pressure : Integrating Golf and Country Clubs=139

5. Gender-Based Pricing=139

6. Sexual Orientation and Public Accommodations=140

7. Social Stigma Harms=141

Putting Theory Into Practice=142

2. Substantive Equality=145

A. Remedying the Effects of Past Discrimination=146

1. Sex-Specific Public Benefits to Remedy Past Societal Discrimination=146

Kahn v. Shevin=146

Note on "Benign" Classifications Favoring Women=149

Putting Theory Into Practice=151

2. "Affirmative Action" in Employment=151

Johnson v. Transportation Agency=152

Notes=161

1. Affirmative Action : Definitions and Background=161

2. Affirmative Action and Gender : A Separate Standard?=162

3. Women's "Choices" : Explanation or Symptom of Gender Inequality?=165

4. Affirmative Action and the "Merit" Principle=166

5. The Problem of Stigma=168

6. "Positive Action" in European Law=169

7. Diversity as an Alternative Rationale for Affirmative Action=169

8. Pay Equity and Women's Choices=170

9. Women and Contingent Work=172

Putting Theory Into Practice=172

B. Eliminating the Disadvantages of Women's Differences=173

1. Pregnancy=173

California Federal Savings & Loan Association v. Guerra=175

Equality and Difference : The Case of Pregnancy / Herma Hill Kay=178

Conservative Feminism / Richard A. Posner=179

Troupe v. May Department Stores Co.=182

Reeves v. Swift Transportation Co., Inc.=184

UAW v. Johnson Controls, Inc.=187

Notes=194

1. The Feminist Debate over "Equal" vs. "Special" Treatment=194

2. Stereotypes v. Facts=195

3. Pregnancy as a Disability=196

4. Accommodation Under the Second Clause of the PDA=197

5. Disparate Impact Theory=198

6. Before the PDA : AT&T v. Hulteen=200

7. European Community Law=200

8. Johnson Controls as a Reprieve of the Protective Legislation Debate=201

9. Women Workers and "Choice"=202

10. Equality Analysis in Johnson Controls=203

Putting Theory Into Practice=204

2. Work and Family=205

Toward a Reconstructive Feminism : Reconstructing the Relationship of Market Work and Family Work / Joan Williams=205

Notes=207

1. Women's Disproportionate Caretaking Burdens=207

2. Women's Choices=208

3. Caregiver Discrimination Lawsuits=209

4. Accommodation vs. Discrimination=211

5. Parenting Leave : The Family and Medical Leave Act=212

6. Parenting Leave : An International Perspective=214

7. Child Care=216

Putting Theory Into Practice=218

C. Recognizing Sex-Linked Average Differences=219

1. Fringe Benefit Plan, Insurance, and Other Actuarially Based Systems=219

City of Los Angeles, Department of Water & Power v. Manhart=219

Notes=224

1. The History of Sex-differentiated Insurance Rates=224

2. Group-Based vs. Individual-Based Equality=224

3. Efficiency vs. Nondiscrimination in Fringe Benefits and Insurance Plans=225

4. Regulation of Sex-Based Insurance Rates=226

Putting Theory Into Practice=227

2. Education=228

a. Sex-Segregated Schools=228

United States v. Virginia=229

Notes=243

1. What's at Stake Here?=243

2. Single-Sex Schools at the Elementary and Secondary Level=245

3. Race and Single-Sex Schooling=248

Putting Theory Into Practice=249

b. School Athletics=251

Cohen v. Brown University=255

Notes=262

1. Title IX and Women's Participation in Sports=262

2. Title IX and Women's Interest in Sports=263

3. Affirmative Action or Remedy for Past Discrimination?=264

4. Title IX and Male Sports=265

5. Allocating Resources Under Title IX=266

6. Pregnant Student Athletes=267

7. Title IX and Race=268

8. Redefining Sport=268

Putting Theory Into Practice=269

D. Substantive Equality in the Family=269

1. The Traditional View=271

1 Commentaries on the Laws of England / William Blackstone=271

2. Modern Divorce=272

Do Wives Own Half? Winning for Wives After Wendt / Joan Williams=273

Arneault v. Arneault=275

Michael v. Michael=281

Chen v. Warner=285

Notes=292

1. Property Distribution=292

2. Spousal Support=293

3. Educational Degree : Property, Support, or Neither?=294

4. Child Support=295

Putting Theory Into Practice=297

3. Child Custody=299

Patricia Ann S. v. James Daniel S.=300

"Primary Caretaker" : Is It a Ruse? / Ronald K. Henry=309

In re Marriage of Elser=312

Notes=314

1. Primary Caretaker Presumption=314

2. Joint Custody=315

3. The "Approximation" or "Past Caretaking" Standard=316

4. Relocation=317

5. Fairness and Custody=318

6. Marriage, Cohabitation, and the American Paradox=318

Putting Theory Into Practice=319

4. Unmarried Parents=320

Putting Theory Into Practice=324

3. Nonsubovdination=327

A. Women's Rights and Power in the Liberal State=328

The Subjection of Women / John Stuart Mill=328

Feminism Unmodified : Discourses on Life and Law / Catharine A. MacKinnon=330

B. Sexual Harassment=332

1. Sexual Harassment in the Workplace=332

The Sexual Harassment of Working Women / Catharine A. MacKinnon=333

Gender Discrimination and the Transformation of Workplace Norms / Kathryn Abrams=334

The Economic Implications of Sexual Harassment for Women / L. Camille Hébert=335

The New Jurisprudence of Sexual Harassment / Kathryn Abrams=336

Reconceptualizing Sexual Harassment / Vicki Schultz=337

What's Wrong with Sexual Harassment / Katherine M. Franke=337

Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson=338

Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc.=342

Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Servs., Inc.=345

Notes=349

1. Finding the Legal Line Between Ordinary Social Exchange and Sexual Harassment=349

2. Sexual Harassment as Discrimination "Because of Sex"?=350

3. The Standard for Determining Hostile Work Environment=353

4. When Is Sexual Conduct "Unwelcome"?=355

5. Sexual Harassment as an Offense Against Dignity=357

6. Employer Liability=357

7. Harassment Prevention Policies : Do They Go Too Far?=361

8. Race and Sexual Harassment=364

Putting Theory Into Practice=365

2. Sexual Harassment in Educational Institutions=367

a. School Legal Liability for Sexual Harassment=367

Simpson v. University of Colorado Boulder=371

Notes=378

1. Sexual Violence on Campus=378

2. Legal Issues under Gebser and Davis=378

3. Administration versus Judicial Enforcement=379

b. Speech and Conduct Codes to Prevent Harassment=380

c. Faculty-Student Dating=381

Putting Theory Into Practice=384

C. Domestic Violence=385

1. Domestic Violence : Legal Strategies for Protecting Victims=385

The Culture of Battering and the Role of Mediation in Domestic Violence Cases / Karla Fischer ; Neil Vidmar ; René Ellis=389

Legal Images of Battered Women : Redefining the Issue of Separation / Martha R. Mahoney=392

Stevenson v. Stevenson=393

Criminal Law Comes Home / Jeannie Suk=399

Notes=402

1. Assessments of Danger=402

2. The Violence Against Women Act=403

3. Mandatory Arrest, Prosecution, and Reporting Policies=403

4. Criminal and Civil Enforcement=407

5. Civil Damage Claims=408

6. Stalking and Domestic Violence in the Workplace=410

7. Domestic Violence and Housing Discrimination=412

8. Domestic Violence and Child Custody=413

Putting Theory Into Practice=415

2. Domestic Violence and Substantive Criminal Law=416

People v. Berry=417

Heat of Passion and Wife Killing : Men Who Batter/Men Who Kill / Donna K. Coker=419

State v. Norman=422

Notes=428

1. "Heat of Passion" Manslaughter and the Reasonable "Man"=428

2. Heat of Passion and Sex Equality=428

3. The Battered Woman's Syndrome=430

4. The Battered Woman in Self-Defense Law : Substantive and Procedural Proposals=431

5. Concerns About the Battered Woman's Syndrome=431

6. Post-Conviction Strategies for Battered Women Who Kill=433

7. Domestic Violence and the Public/Private Dichotomy=433

8. Domestic Violence as a Basis for Asylum=434

9. Prevention and Treatment=435

10. Integrated Courts and Services=436

Putting Theory Into Practice=436

D. Pornography=438

1. The Feminist Critique of Pornography=439

Feminism Unmodified : Discourses on Life and Law / Catharine A. MacKinnon=439

Pornography as Defamation and Discrimination / Catharine A. MacKinnon=439

2. The Judicial, First Amendment Response=440

American Booksellers Association, Inc. v. Hudnut=440

Brief Amici Curiae of Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce et al., in American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut / Nan D. Hunter ; Sylvia A. Law=444

Speaking of Sex : The Denial of Gender Inequality / Deborah L. Rhode=446

Notes=447

1. Pornography and the First Amendment=447

2. Evaluating the Harm of Pornography=448

3. Pornography and Individual Agency=451

4. Pornography, The Internet, and Children=451

5. Sexting=454

Putting Theory Into Practice=455

E. Sexual Orientation Discrimination=456

1. Can Same-Sex Couples Marry?=457

In re Marriage Cases=458

Notes=465

1. Same-Sex Marriage Litigation : An Overview=465

2. Defense of Marriage Acts=467

3. The Civil Union Alternative=469

4. Domestic Partnership Benefits=469

5. The Comparative Context=469

6. Resistance to Same-Sex Marriage=470

7. Gay and Lesbian Views on Marriage?=472

Putting Theory Into Practice=474

2. Lesbian Parents=474

In the Matter of Alison D. v. Virginia M.=475

Notes=478

1. Sexual Orientation and Custody Disputes=478

2. Lesbian Co-Parents=479

3. The Resistance to Gay and Lesbian Parenting=481

Putting Theory Into Practice=481

3. Employment and Other Forms of Discrimination Based on Sexual Orientation=482

Simonton v. Runyon=482

Nichols v. Azteca Restaurant Enterprises, Inc.=486

Notes=491

1. Same-Sex Harassment and Sex-Stereotyping=491

2. Legislative Efforts to Create Legal Rights Based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity=492

3. Sexual Orientation and Heightened Scrutiny=493

4. Discrimination on the Basis of Sexual Orientation by "Private" Associations=498

5. Sexual Orientation and Military Policy=500

Putting Theory Into Practice=503

F. Women in the Military=503

Women at War : An Evolutionary Perspective / Kingsley R. Browne=504

Notes=505

1. Legal Challenges=505

2. Courts v. Congress and the Executive Branch=507

3. Current Status of, and View About, Women in Combat=509

4. Sexual Abuse in the Armed Forces=513

Putting Theory Into Practice=515

4. Difference=517

A. The Ethic of Care and Its Legal Implications=518

A Lawyers's Primer on Feminist Theory and Tort / Leslie Bender=520

Conservative Feminism / Richard A. Posner=522

Sex and Temperament in Modern Society : A Darwinian View of the Glass Ceiling and the Gender Gap / Kingsley R. Browne=522

Notes=524

1. Mainstreaming the Ethic of Care in the Law=524

2. The Feminist Critique of Difference Theory and an Ethic of Care=525

3. The Normative Implications of the Evolutionary Thesis=526

4. Evolutionary Biology : The Critique=528

Putting Theory Into Practice=530

B. Work and Family=531

Cracking the Foundational Myths : Independence, Autonomy, and Self-Sufficiency / Martha Albertson Fineman=531

Life's Work / Vicki Shultz=534

Spiritual and Menial Housework / Dorothy Roberts=538

Notes=540

1. Substantive Equality vs. Difference Theory as a Basis for Legal Reform=540

2. Furthering "Family Values" : What Needs to Change?=540

3. Is Caretaking a Public Good?=541

4. Dependent Care and the Market in Domestic Workers=543

Putting Theory Into Practice=544

C. Women in the Justice System=544

1. Women as Lawyers=544

a. Women in Legal Education=544

b. Women in Legal Practice=552

American Bar Association Commission on Women in the Profession, Fair Measure : Toward Effective Attorney Evaluations=552

Notes=556

1. Women's Representation in the Legal Profession=556

2. Women Lawyers : Seeking a Different Professional Life?=559

3. Structural Bias and Unconscious Bias=561

4. Women in the Legal Profession : A Different Voice?=564

Putting Theory Into Practice=567

2. Judging=569

On the Bias : Feminist Reconsiderations of the Aspirations for Our Judges / Judith Resnick=569

In re Marriage of Iverson=570

Notes=572

1. Gender Differences in Judging=572

2. Diversity on the Bench=574

3. Judicial Values : Empathy vs. Detached Neutrality=575

4. Gender Bias in the Courtroom=577

Putting Theory Into Practice=579

3. Juries=581

J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B.=582

Note on Equality and Impartiality in the Jury Context=590

Putting Theory into Practice=591

4. Criminal Sentencing=592

Putting Theory Into Practice=597

5. Autonomy=599

A. Sex and Consent=600

1. "Statutory" Rape : The (Ir)relevance of Consent=600

Michael M. v. Superior Court of Sonoma County=600

Notes=608

1. Consent and Statutory Rape=608

2. Statutory Rape Laws=609

3. Statutory Rape Enforcement=610

4. Gender Neutrality and Differential Treatment of Male and Female Offenders=611

Putting Theory Into Practice=613

2. Defining and Explaining Rape : Distinguishing Consent and Nonconsent=614

Toward a Feminist Theory of the State / Catharine A. MacKinnon=615

Rape / Susan Estrich=615

State v. Alberts=617

Notes=621

1. Rape Law Reform=621

2. Marital Rape=622

3. Consent=623

4. Rape Shield Laws and Defendant's Rights=624

5. Rape and Scientific Evidence=627

6. The Ripe Crisis Counselor Privilege=627

7. Cultural Attitudes and "Rape Myths"=628

8. Rape Trauma Syndrome=631

9. Racial Bias=632

Putting Theory Into Practice=633

3. Acquaintance Rape=635

Note, Rule by Myth : The Social and Legal Dynamics Governing Alcohol-Related Acquaintance Rapes / Karen M. Kramer=636

Notes=637

1. Consent and Responsibility=637

2. Male Rape=640

3. Institutional Responsibilities=641

Putting Theory Into Practice=642

4. Rape, War, and the Military : Violence Against Women as a Human Rights Issue=643

5. Prostitution : Consent Under Conditions of Constraint=647

Prostitution : A Violation of Women's Human Rights / Dorchen Liedholdt=650

The Pragmatist and the Feminist / Margaret Jane Radin=651

Notes=652

1. Alternative Regulatory Structures=652

2. Prostitution and the Autonomy of Women=655

3. Trafficking=659

4. Juvenile Prostitution=665

5. International Matchmaking=666

Putting Theory Into Practice=670

B. Pregnancy and Autonomy=670

1. Control of Conception and Other Aspects of Women's Health=670

Griswold v. Connecticut=672

Erickson v. Bartell Drug Co.=673

Notes=677

1. The Constitutional Right to Contraception=677

2. Contraception and Women's Autonomy=679

3. Emergency Contraception, Abortion, and Conscience Laws=679

4. The Fight for Contraceptive Equity Insurance and Women's Health=681

5. Access to Treatment for Infertility=683

6. Gender Bias in Health Care=684

7. Sterilization=686

Putting Theory Into Practice=687

2. Abortion=688

Roe v. Wade=688

Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey=691

Reasoning from the Body : A Historical Perspective on Abortion Regulation and Questions of Equal Protection / Reva Siegel=698

The Supreme Court 1989 Term, Foreword : Taking Freedom Seriously / Robin West=700

Gonzales v. Carhart=702

The Trajectory of Trauma : Bodies and Minds of Abortion Discourse / Jeannie Suk=708

Notes=709

1. Grounding the Abortion Right=709

2. Stare Decisis, Reliance, and Autonomy=711

3. "Informed Consent" Requirements=712

4. Restrictions and Late-Term Abortions=714

5. Abortion "Regret"=715

6. A State or Federal Matter?=716

7. Anti-Abortion Activism=717

8. Spousal Notice and Consent Provisions=718

9. Parental Consent and Notification Requirements=719

10. Federal Policy Relating to Minors and Abortion=720

11. The Class and Race Dimensions of the Abortion Right=721

12. Personhood Amendments=723

13. The Impact of Increasing Abortion Restrictions=724

Putting Theory Into Practice=725

3. Pregnancy and Contractual Autonomy=727

In re Baby M.=727

Notes=736

1. Decisional Autonomy=736

2. Gestational Surrogacy=737

3. The Regulation of Surrogacy=738

4. The Practice of Surrogacy Today=741

5. Feminist Responses to Surrogacy=741

6. Frozen "Pre-embryos" : Balancing Wanted and Unwanted Parenthood=744

Putting Theory Into Practice=747

4. The Pregnant Woman and Fetus as Adversaries=748

Ferguson v. City of Charleston=748

Notes=753

1. Criminal Prosecutions of Drug-Abusing Pregnant Women=753

2. Civil Alternatives to Criminal Prosecution=756

Putting Theory Into Practice=758

C. Economic Autonomy and Women's Poverty=760

Motherhood, Marriage and Morality : The Pro-Marriage Moral Discourse of American Welfare Policy / Judith Koons=761

Cracking the Foundational Myths : Independence, Autonomy, and Self-Sufficiency / Martha Albertson Fineman=765

Life's Work / Vicki Schultz=766

Notes=768

1. Poverty, Gender, and Race=768

2. Challenges to the Welfare System=768

3. The Impact of Welfare Reform=769

4. Drug Testing of Welfare Recipients=771

5. Welfare Reform and the Promotion of Marriage=772

6. Welfare and Autonomy=773

7. Income Inequality=773

Putting Theory Into Practice=775

6. Identity=777

A. Differences Among Women=778

The Fifth Black Woman / Devon W. Carbado ; Mitu Gulati=778

Race and Essentialism in Feminist Legal Theory / Angela P. Harris=784

Women's Lives, Men's Laws / Catharine A. MacKinnon=785

Notes=786

1. Racial Tensions in the First Wave of Feminism=786

2. The Intersectionality Critique=787

3. The Essentialism Critique=789

4. Intersectionality and the Problem of Categorization=791

Putting Theory Into Practice=792

B. What Is a Woman? The Special Cases of Transgender and Intersex=792

Kantaras v. Kantaras=793

Schroer v. Billington=796

Law and the Gendered Politics of Identity : Who Owns the Label "Lesbian"? / Elvia R. Arriola=801

Notes=803

1. What Is a Woman?=803

2. "Intersex" Children=804

3. Transgender and Discrimination "Because of Sex"=806

4. Transgender and Intersex Athletes=809

5. "Sex" and "Gender"=810

Putting Theory Into Practice=811

C. Masculinities=813

Asking the Man Question : Masculinities Analysis and Feminist Theory / Nancy E. Dowd=813

"Who's the Man?" : Masculinities Studies, Terry Stops, and Police Training / Frank Rudy Cooper=814

Integrating Men into the Curriculum / Michael Kimmel=816

Femmes, Tomboys, and Real Men : Placing Masculinity at the Core of a Feminist Analysis / Joan C. Williams=817

Unsex Mothering : Toward a New Culture of Parenting / Darren Rosenblum=821

Notes=821

1. Masculinity=821

2. The Intersection of Gender and Race, Class, Ethnicity, and Sexual Orientation=824

Putting Theory Into Practice=825

D. The Primacy of Gender=826

Bah v. Mukasey=826

Bridges and Barricades : Rethinking Polemics and Intransigence in the Campaign Against Female Circumcision / L. Amede Obiora=828

Framing Cultural Difference : Immigrant Women and Discourses of Tradition / Letti Volpp=830

Piercing the Veil / Madhavi Sunder=832

Notes=834

1. Female Genital "Surgeries"=834

2. Multiculturalism and the Veil=835

3. The "Cultural Defense" in Criminal Law=836

4. Religious Freedom and Gender Equality in the United States=839

Putting Theory Into Practice=840

Table of Cases=843

Index=853