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List of Figures=vii

List of Tables=ix

Acknowledgments=xi

Introduction : A User's Guide to : Soils, Climate, and Society / SUE EILEEN HAYES ; JOHN D. WINGARD=xiii

1. Population Estimates for Anthropogenically Enriched Soils(Amazonian Dark Earths) / WILLIAM I. WOODS ; WILLIAM M. DENEVAN ; LILIAN REBELLATO=1

2. Soilscape Legacies : Historical and Emerging Consequences of Socioecological Interactions in Honduras / E. CHRISTIAN WELLS ; KARLA L. DAVIS-SALAZAR ; DAVID D. KUEHN=21

3. Drought, Subsistence Stress, and Population Dynamics : Assessing Mississippian Abandonment of the Vacant Quarter / SCOTT C. MEEKS ; DAVID G. ANDERSON=61

4. Mimbres Mogollon Farming : Estimating Prehistoric Agricultural Production during the Classic Mimbres Period / MICHAEL D. POOL=85

5. So Who's Counting? Modeling Pre-Columbian Agricultural Potential in the Maya World / SUE EILEEN HAYES=109

6. Tilling the Fields and Building the Temples : Assessing the Relationship among Land, Labor, and Classic Maya Elite Power in the Copán Valley, Honduras / JOHN D. WINGARD=131

7. An EPIC Challenge : Estimating Site Population in South Coastal Peru / SUE EILEEN HAYES=157

8. Feeding the Masses : New Perspectives on Maya Agriculture from Cerén, El Salvador / CHRISTINE C. DIXON=175

9. How Can We Know? The Epistemological Foundation of Ecological Modeling in Archaeology / SISSEL SCHROEDER=205

List of Contributors=225

Index=227

Tables

1.1. Selected population estimates for South America and subregions=3

1.2. Elements for calculating the Hatahara site population=12

2.1. Field descriptions and laboratory data for deep auger probes=42

2.2. Soil chemical data summary for shallow auger probes=46

2.3. MANOVA and post-hoc test results for soil fertility analysis=47

3.1. Assignment of Palmer Drought Severity Indices(PDSI) to estimated crop yield production=66

3.2. Summary data of 14C-dates from the Vacant Quarter, by region=70

4.1. Estimating the number of small-site rooms in the study area=89

4.2. Estimate of all Classic Mimbres period rooms=89

4.3. Usable soil series and their agroecology=92

4.4. Sustainable population estimate in study area based on 1966 production=94

4.5. Results of stepwise multiple regression analysis=97

5.1. Reclassified soils in Classes I-IV=119

5.2. Baking Pot soil productivity=121

5.3. Hectares of each soil class at Baking Pot=122

5.4. Sustainable population estimates for Baking Pot=123

6.1. Parameters for simulation runs―Adult Equivalents=143

6.2. Target population levels―Adult Equivalents 143

6.3. Target-generated population levels―Adult Equivalents=143

6.4. Model results―Adult Equivalents=144

6.5. Target-generated population levels―headcount=144

6.6. Model results―headcount=144

6.7. Elite labor requirements=148

6.8. Labor needs and availability(days)=150

7.1. Maize production and soil depth=164

7.2. Maize production and temperature=165

7.3. Camaná maize productivity=165

7.4. Sustainable population estimates for Camaná Valley sites=168

8.1. EPIC simulation results for Cerén, El Salvador=188

Figures

1.1. Study area=6

2.1. Northwest Honduras, showing the locations of the Naco Valley and the Palmarejo region=27

2.2. Locations of pre-Hispanic settlement in the Palmarejo region=30

2.3. Geomorphological map of the Palmarejo region=37

2.4. Geoarchaeological Section 1=38

2.5. Geoarchaeological Sections 2, 3, and 4=40

2.6. Geoarchaeological Sections 5 and 6=41

3.1. Map of the Vacant Quarter illustrating the locations of the five regions examined in this study: American Bottom, Ohio-Mississippi confluence, Tennessee-Cumberland-Ohio confluence, Ohio-Green confluence, Middle Cumberland basin=62

3.2. Instrumental Palmer Drought Severity Index(PDSI) grid used for reconstructing potential agricultural food reserves and shortfalls, along with the location of the Vacant Quarter=65

3.3. Palmer Drought Severity Index(PDSI) reconstruction and reconstructed potential agricultural food reserves and shortfalls for the Vacant Quarter region=67

3.4. Reconstructions of the number of moderate/severe food stress years for four intense droughts encompassing the southeastern United States in the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries, along with the locations of the Vacant Quarter and grid point 210=69

3.5. Summed probability plots of calibrated 14C-dates for each of the five regions in the Vacant Quarter=71

3.6. Comparison of summed probability plots of calibrated 14C-dates for the American Bottom and Cahokia=73

4.1. Study area=88

4.2. Estimation of sustainable population units using the multiple regression equation=98

4.3. Annual consumption units=99

4.4. Surplus annual consumption units after a one-year storage requirement=100

5.1. Soil areas at Baking Pot, showing residential mound locations=120

6.1. Maya region of Mesoamerica=133

6.2. Major topographic zones and subregions of the Copán Valley=134

6.3. Models A and B derived populations=145

6.4. Models C, D, and E derived populations=145

6.5. Model F derived population=146

6.6. Land productivity=149

7.1. Center of Pampará, view across valley=158

7.2. Site map of Pampatá, Peru=159

7.3. House compound constructed of riverside vegetation=160

7.4. Maize cobs, gourd, and textiles, Camaná Valley=167

7.5. Seven of over three dozen skeins of cotton thread discarded at looted burial, Camaná Valley=171

8.1. Excavated milpa from within the Cerén site center=181

8.2. Map of household and agricultural organization at Cerén=182

8.3. Maize stalk and cob casts, showing preservation of remarkable detail=184

8.4. Author with manioc beds located in 2007 season=191

8.5. Payson Sheets holding a modern manioc tuber and a 2007 manioc plant cast from Cerén=193

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Much recent archaeological research focuses on social forces as the impetus for cultural change. Soils, Climate and Society, however, focuses on the complex relationship between human populations and the physical environment, particularly the land--the foundation of agricultural production and, by extension, of agricultural peoples.

The volume traces the origins of agriculture, the transition to agrarian societies, the sociocultural implications of agriculture, agriculture's effects on population, and the theory of carrying capacity, considering the relation of agriculture to the profound social changes that it wrought in the New World. Soil science plays a significant, though varied, role in each case study, and is the common component of each analysis. Soil chemistry is also of particular importance to several of the studies, as it determines the amount of food that can be produced in a particular soil and the effects of occupation or cultivation on that soil, thus having consequences for future cultivators.

Soils, Climate and Society demonstrates that renewed investigation of agricultural production and demography can answer questions about the past, as well as stimulate further research. It will be of interest to scholars of archaeology, historical ecology and geography, and agricultural history.

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