영문목차

Preface=xxxv

The Constitution of the United States=xxxvii

I. JUDICIAL REVIEW=1

Problem : The Historic Preservation Act=1

A. Marbury and "The Power to Say What the Law Is"=2

Marbury v. Madison=3

Questions : Judicial Review=8

Problems : Judicial Review=8

Martin v. Hunter's Lessee=9

Problem : Federal Constitutions and State Constitutions=10

Cooper v. Aaron=11

Note : Brown, Cooper, and Judicial Legitimacy=13

B. Restraints on Judicial Authority=14

1. Practical Limitations on Judicial Authority=14

2. Congressional Control over Federal Court Jurisdiction=15

Ex Parte McCardle=15

Notes : Klein and Plaut=17

Note : McCardle's Precedential Value=19

Questions : Congressional Regulation of Judicial Power=19

3. The Political Question Doctrine=21

Baker v. Carr=22

Notes : The Political Question Doctrine=24

Problems : Scope of the Political Question Doctrine=26

C. The Case or Controversy Requirement=27

1. The Prohibition Against Advisory Opinions=27

Problems : Declaratory Judgments and Advisory Opinions=28

2. Ripeness=29

United Public Workers of America(C.I.O.) v. Mitchell=29

Abbott Laboratories v. Gardner=31

Notes and Questions : Ripeness=33

Problems : Ripeness=34

3. Mootness=35

DeFunis v. Odegaard=35

Notes and Questions : Mootness=37

Problems : Mootness=38

4. Standing=39

a. Taxpayer and Citizen Standing=39

DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno=41

Notes and Questions : Standing=45

Problems : Frothingham, Taxpayer Standing, and Citizen Standing=47

Lance v. Coffman=48

Note : Legislator Standing=49

Problem : Citizen Standing to Challenge Constitutional Amendments=50

Hein v. Freedom from Religion Foundation, Inc.=51

Note : Flast and the Commerce Clause=62

Problems=63

Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn=63

Problems=71

b. Causation=72

Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife=73

Notes and Questions : Causation=77

Problems : Causation=82

Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency=83

Problem : The Historic Preservation Act=89

c. Congressionally Authorized Standing=89

Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife=90

Notes : More on Congressional Authorization=92

Summers v. Earth Island Institute=93

Notes : More on Congressional Authorization=99

Problems : Standing and Congressional Authorization=100

Monsanto Co. v. Geerston Seed Farms=101

d. Jus Tertii(Third-Party) Standing=105

Problems : Exceptions to Jus Tertii=107

II. NATIONAL LEGISlATIVE POWER=113

Problem : The Education for a Better America Act=114

A. The Necessary and Proper Clause=116

McCulloch v. Maryland=117

Notes and Questions=120

United States v. Comstock=122

Note : National Federation v. Sebelius=130

Problem : More on the Education for a Better America Act=130

B. The Commerce Clause=130

1. Early Cases=131

Gibbons v. Ogden=131

Notes : The Nineteenth-Century Commerce Clause=136

Problem : More on the Education for a Better America Act=137

2. Early Twentieth-Century Cases=137

Champion v. Ames=138

Problem : More on the Education for a Better America Act=141

Houston, East & West Texas Railway Co. v. United States=141

Note=143

Hammer v. Dagenhart=143

Problem : More on the Education for a Better America Act=147

3. The Constitutional Crisis=147

Carter v. Carter Coal Co.=148

Notes : The Constitutional Crisis=151

Problem : More on the Education for a Better America Act=152

NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.=152

Notes=155

Problem : More on the Education for a Better America Act=156

4. Post-Switch Expansion of Federal Power : A Half Century of Deference=156

United States v. Darby=156

Question=158

Wickard v. Filburn=159

Notes=162

Problem : More on the Education for a Better America Act=162

Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States=162

Notes=165

Problems=167

Note : Growth of the Modern Administrative State=167

5. Revolution and Retreat?=168

United States v. Lopez=168

Problems=174

United States v. Morrison=174

Notes and Questions=181

Problems=182

National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius=182

Problem : Sebelius and the Education for a Better America Act=194

C. The Taxing Power=195

Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co.=195

Notes and Questions=197

United States v. Sanchez=197

Notes and Questions=199

National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius=199

Problem : Private Schools and the Education for a Better America Act=206

D. Power to Spend for the General Welfare=206

United States v. Butler=206

South Dakota v. Dole=210

Note : Federal Funding for the Developmentally Disabled=214

National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius=215

Problem : The Spending Power and the Education for a Better America Act=223

Problems=223

E. The War Power and Treaty Power=224

1. The War Power=224

Woods v. Cloyd W. Miller Co.=224

Note : The War Power and Domestic Regulation=226

Problem : A Peacetime Draft?=227

2. The Treaty Power=227

Missouri v. Holland=227

Note : The Impact of Treaties on Local Law=229

Problem : Restricting Citizen Rights=230

Whitney v. Robertson=230

Notes=231

Problems=233

F. Congressional Power to Enforce Civil Rights=234

Problem : Second Floor=235

Problem : Critical Confinement=235

1. Early Developments=237

Problem : Public Service=237

The Civil Rights Cases=238

Problem : Ollie's BBQ Ranch=240

2. Modern Civil Rights Cases=240

Problems=242

3. Congressional Enforcement of the Right to Vote=242

Katzenbach v. Morgan=242

Note=244

City of Rome v. United States=244

Problem : Preclearance=246

4. Religious Freedom and Congressional Fourteenth Amendment Enforcement Power=246

City of Boerne v. Flores=246

Problems=250

III. THE FEDERAL EXECUTIVE POWERS=257

Problem : No Drilling or Killing Zones=258

A. Implied Presidential Powers=260

Problems=261

B. The Volatile Boundary Between Executive and Legislative Powers : Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. and Beyond=262

Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer=264

Problems=271

C. Additional Separation of Powers Issues Between the Executive and the Legislature : Nondelegation, Veto, and Appointment and Removal=272

1. The "Nondelegation" of Powers Doctrine=273

Problems=276

2. The Veto Power=276

a. The Legislative Veto=277

Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha=277

Problems=280

b. The "Line Item Veto"=281

Clinton v. New York=281

Problems=286

c. The President's Signing Statements=286

Problem : No Drilling Zones II=289

D. The President's Appointment and Removal Powers=289

Buckley v. Valeo=291

Notes=294

Problems=295

Morrison v. Olson=295

Problems=300

Free Enterprise Fund v. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board=301

Note=309

1. The President's Recess Appointment Power=309

Bowsher v. Synar=310

Problem : The Audit=314

E. Foreign Affairs, War, and Treaty Powers=314

1. Foreign Affairs Powers=314

United States v. Curtiss Wright Export Corp.=315

Problems=317

2. War and the Commander-in-Chief Power : Formalism Versus Functionalism=317

Problems=318

F. The President's Power to Fight Terrorism=320

1. The President's Powers to Detain Alleged Terrorists=320

2. Detention of U.S. Citizens As Alleged Terrorists=322

Ex Parte Quirin=322

Notes=324

Hamdi v. Rumsfeld=325

Notes=337

Problems=337

Boumediene v. Bush=339

Notes=345

Problem : No Terrorism Zones=347

3. The War on Terror's Impact on Privacy=347

G. The Treaty Power=348

Missouri v. Holland=349

Note=350

Problem : Alien Inheritance Laws=351

H. Executive Agreements=351

Dames & Moore v. Regan=352

Problem; Nullify=356

I. Executive Privilege and Immunity from Suit=356

1. Executive Privilege=356

United States v. Nixon=357

Note : A Privilege for the Vice President?=361

Problems=361

2. Immunity from Suit=361

Clinton v. Jones=362

J. The Pardon Power=365

1. Commutation of Sentences=365

Note : More on the Pardon Power=366

IV. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE STATES AND THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT=369

Problem : The Education for a Better America Act, Continued=369

A. State Power to Tax the Federal Government=371

McCulloch v. Maryland=371

Problems=373

B. Federal Power to Tax the States=373

Massachusetts v. United States=374

Note : A Related Case, New York v. United States=377

Problems=378

C. State Immunity from Federal Regulation=379

National League of Cities v. Usery=380

Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority=383

Problems=392

D. Federal Commandeering of State Resources=393

New York v. United States=393

Problem : The Education for a Better America Act Reprised―There's Got to Be a Better Way=402

Printz v. United States=402

Problems=412

Review Problems=413

V. STATE POWER TO REGULATE COMMERCE=415

Problem : Kentucky's Prohibition Against Internet Gambling=416

A. Early Cases=418

Gibbons v. Ogden=418

Notes and Questions=420

Problem : More on the Internet Casino Prohibition Act=420

Cooley v. Board of Wardens of the Port of Philadelphia=420

Notes and Questions=423

Problem : More on the Internet Casino Prohibition Act=423

B. Discrimination Against Interstate Commerce=423

1. Facial Discrimination=424

Granholm v. Heald=424

Notes=430

Problem : More on the Internet Casino Prohibition Act=433

City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey=434

Note : State Quarantine Laws=438

Question : Distinguishing Baldwin=438

Problem : Other Ways to Skin the Cat?=438

2. Facially Neutral Statutes with Discriminatory Purposes or Effects=439

Dean Milk Co. v. City of Madison=439

Note : Live Baitfish=441

Problem : More on the Internet Casino Prohibition Act=441

Exxon Corp. v. Maryland=441

Notes=445

C. Nondiscriminatory Burdens on Interstate Commerce=446

1. The Scope of Judicial Review=447

South Carolina State Highway Dept. v. Barnwell Bros.=447

Problem : More on the Internet Casino Prohibition Act=449

Southern Pacific Co. v. Arizona=449

Notes and Questions=453

Problems=455

2. Modern Applications of the Southern Pacific Test=456

Minnesota v. Clover Leaf Creamery Co.=456

West Lynn Creamery, Inc. v. Healy=458

Note : Tolling Statutes=463

Questions=463

American Trucking Associations, Inc. v. Michigan Public Service Commission=464

Problem : More on the Internet Casino Prohibition Act=466

D. The State as a Market Participant=467

Reeves, Inc. v. Stake=467

Note : Fuel Taxes and Market Participation=470

South-Central Timber Development, Inc. v. Wunnicke=471

Problem : More on the Internet Casino Prohibition Act=474

E. Interstate Privileges and Immunities Clause=474

Baldwin v. Fish and Game Commission of Montana=474

Note : Toomer and Shrimp Fishing=478

Hicklin v. Orbeck=478

Notes=481

Problems=483

F. Preemption=483

Pacific Gas and Electric Co. v. State Energy Resources Conservation & Development Commission=484

Notes=489

Gade v. National Solid Wastes Management Association=490

Notes=494

Problems=495

Arizona v. United States=496

Notes on Preemption=506

Problems=507

VI. STATE ACTION=513

Problem : The Town, The Private Utility, and the Club=513

A. Requiring State Action=514

The Civil Rights Cases=515

Notes and Questions=517

Problem : Rewriting the Civil Rights Act=518

B. Government Function=518

1. Company Towns=518

Marsh v. Alabama=518

Notes and Questions=520

Problem : More on the Town, the Private Utility, and the Club=522

2. Party Primaries=522

Terry v. Adams=523

Notes and Questions=525

3. Utility Service=526

Jackson v. Metropolitan Edison Co.=526

Problem : More on the Town, the Private Utility, and the Club=528

4. Schools and School Associations=529

Rendell-Baker v. Kohn=529

Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Association=532

Notes and Questions=538

C. State Involvement or Encouragement=538

1. Government Regulation=539

Burton v. Wilmington Parking Authority=539

Notes=541

Moose Lodge v. Irvis=542

Note and Question : Broadcasters and Advertising=544

Problem : More on the Town, the Private Utility, and the Club=545

Reitman v. Mulkey=545

Problem : Constitutional Amendments Permitting Discrimination=548

2. Judicial Involvement=548

Shelley v. Kraemer=548

Notes and Questions=551

Problem; More on the Town, the Private Utility, and the Club=552

Flagg Brothers, Inc. v. Brooks=552

Lugar v. Edmonson Oil Co.=556

Notes and Questions=558

Edmonson v. Leesville Concrete Co., Inc.=560

Note and Question : Physician Contracted to Provide Care for Prison Inmates=563

3. Government Funding=564

Blum v. Yaretsky=564

4. Quasi-Governmental Corporations=568

Lebron v. National Railroad Passenger Corp.=568

Notes and Questions=572

Problem : More on the Town, the Private Utility, and the Club=573

VII. PROCEDURAL DUE PROCESS=575

Problem : The Professor and the Amsterdam Trip=575

A. Legislative Determinations=576

Bi-Metallic Investment Co. v. State Board of Equalization=576

Londoner v. City and County of Denver=577

Problems=579

B. Adjudicative Determinations=579

1. Foundational Principles=580

Goldberg v. Kelly=580

Notes=584

Paul v. Davis=586

Note : Procedural Due Process and Parole=589

Problems=589

2. Procedural Requirements=590

Mathews v. Eldridge=590

Notes : Adequacy of Procedures=597

Problems=597

Goss v. Lopez=598

Problems=603

Board of Curators of the University of Missouri v. Horowitz=603

Problems=608

VIII. SUBSTANTIVE PROTECTION OF ECONOMIC RIGHTS=611

Problem : Save the Beach=611

A. Substantive Due Process : From Allgeyer to Lochner to Nebbia=614

Lochner v. New York=616

Notes=621

Problems=621

Nebbia v. New York=622

Notes=625

Problems=626

B. The Takings Clause=627

Kelo v. City of New London=627

Note : The Kelo Property=635

Problems=635

Penn Central Transportation Co. v. City of New York=636

Notes=644

Problems=646

Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council=646

Problems=656

Tahoe-Sierra Preservation Council v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency=656

Problems=663

Stop the Beach Renourishment, Inc. v. Florida Dept. of Environmental Protection=664

Notes=676

Problem : Save the Beach, Continued=677

C. The Contract Clause=677

Home Building & Loan Association v. Blaisdell=678

Problems=683

Allied Structural Steel Co. v. Spannaus=683

Problems=688

IX. SUBSTANTIVE DUE PROCESS : MODERN FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS=691

Problem : Child Custody, Transsexuals, and Same-Sex Relationships=691

A. Incorporation=692

Palko v. Connecticut=694

Notes and Questions=696

Problems=696

Adamson v. California=697

Note : More on Incorporation=700

Question : Privileges and Immunities=701

B. The Right of Privacy=702

1. Seminal Developments=702

Skinner v. Oklahoma=703

Note : "Fundamental" Rights=705

Question : Alternative Theories=705

Griswold v. Connecticut=705

Notes and Questions=713

Problems=713

Poe v. Ullman=714

Notes and Questions=715

Problem : Buck and Privacy=716

2. Abortion=716

Roe v. Wade=716

Notes=724

Questions=726

Problems=727

Webster and Doctrinal Turmoil=727

Problems=729

Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey=730

Note : Undue Burdens=745

Problem : The Abortion Form=745

Stenberg v. Carhart=746

Note : New Abortion Laws=752

Problems=753

3. Family Liberty=753

Moore v. City of East Cleveland=754

Notes and Questions=758

Problems=758

4. The Right to Marry=759

Zablocki v. Redhail=759

Notes=762

Problems=762

5. Parental Rights=763

Michale H. v. Gerald D.=763

Note : Defining "Liberty"=768

Problems=768

6. Sexual Orientation=768

Lawrence v. Texas=770

Problems=779

7. Right to Die=780

Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Dept. of Health=780

Notes and Questions=788

Problems=788

Washington v. Glucksberg=789

Note=798

Problems=798

X. EQUAL PROTECTION=805

Problem : The Diversity Initiative=805

A. State Economic Regulations(and Other Classifications of Minimal Constitutional Concern)=808

Railway Express Agency v. New York=809

Notes and Questions=810

Problems=811

Federal Communications Commission v. Beach Communications,Inc.=812

Problems=814

B. Racial Classifications=814

Dred Scott v. Sandford=815

Notes=817

1. Separate but Equal=819

Plessy v. Ferguson=819

Notes=822

Korematsu v. United States=823

Notes=825

2. Desegregation=826

Brown v. Board of Education=826

Notes and Questions=828

Problems=829

Brown v. Board of Education=829

Notes=830

The Constitution and Race / Donald E. Lively=831

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education=833

Note : Political Realities and Desegregation=835

Problems=835

Board of Education of Oklahoma City Schools v. Dowell=837

Notes=839

Missouri v. Jenkins=840

3. Discriminatory Purpose Requirement=844

Problem : Race in Prisons=844

Loving v. Virginia=844

Note : Discriminatory Purpose and Disproportionate Impact=846

Washington v. Davis=846

Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp.=850

Note : Applying the Discriminatory Motive Requirement=852

Problem : More on the Diversity Initiative=853

4. Affirmative Action=853

Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena=855

Problem : The Diversity Initiative and Race-Based Admissions Policies=859

Grutter v. Bollinger=861

Notes=866

Problem : More on the Diversity Initiative=866

5. Diversity=867

Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1=867

District No. 1=881

Note and Question : Grutter's Vitality=881

C. Gender Classifications=881

1. Early Gender Jurisprudence=881

Problem : Precipitating Social Change=884

2. Doctrinal Turmoil and Evolution=884

Reed v. Reed=884

Frontiero v. Richardson=885

Note and Questions=886

Craig v. Boren=887

Note and Questions=889

3. Recognition of Differences=889

United States v. Virginia=890

Notes=6

Problems=898

4. Discrimination Against Men=900

Michael M. v. Superior Court of Sonoma County=900

Notes=902

Problems=905

Nguyen v. Immigration and Naturalization Service=906

Problems=908

5. Gender Classifications in Context=909

a. Single-Sex Schools=909

Problems=909

b. Public Benefits=910

Califano v. Goldfarb=911

Note : Review Standards in Benefits Cases=913

Problems=913

c. The Military=914

Rostker v. Goldberg=914

Notes : Gender Ambiguity=916

Problems=917

D. The Rights of Aliens=918

Problem : Standards of Review=919

1. The Right to Receive Social Welfare Benefits, to Practice Law, and to Seek Employment in the Civil Service=919

Graham v. Richardson=919

Notes=920

Problems=922

2. Restrictions Based on the "Political Function" Doctrine=922

Bernal v. Fainter=923

Problems=925

Foley v. Connelie=925

Note : The Foley Dissent=927

Problem : The Teaching Certificate=927

3. Federal Regulation of Aliens=927

Problems=928

E. The Rights of Unmarried Parents and Their Children=929

1. Inheritance Rights=930

Trimble v. Gordon=930

Notes=931

Problems=932

2. Rights to Sue and to Receive Government Benefits=932

a. Suits for Wrongful Death or Parental Support=932

Levy v. Louisiana=933

Note : Wrongful Death Actions=933

Problems=934

Clark v. Jeter=935

Note : Judicially Enforceable Rights and Unmarried Parents=937

Problem : Advising on Legislation=937

b. Workers' Compensation, Welfare, and Social Security Survivors' Benefits=937

Weber v. Aetna Casualty & Surety Co.=937

Notes=939

Problem : Survivorship Benefits=940

3. Rights of Unmarried Parents to Retain Custody of Their Children=941

4. Immigration Preferences=941

F. The Rights of Persons with Mental Disabilities=942

City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center=943

Notes=947

Problems=948

G. Sexual Orientation=949

Problems=952

H. The Fundamental Rights Strand of Equal Protection=954

1. Freedom of Speech=954

2. Access to the Justice System : The Right to Counsel=955

Bearden v. Georgia=955

Note=958

Problems=959

3. The Right to Travel=959

Shapiro v. Thompson=960

Notes=963

Problems=964

Zobel v. Williams=965

Note=969

Problems=969

4. Voting=969

a. Denial of the Right to Vote=970

(1) Poll Taxes=970

Problem : Ensuring an Informed and Literate Electorate=971

(2) Land Ownership=971

Problems=971

b. Dilution of the Right to Vote=972

(1) Apportionment=972

Reynolds v. Sims=972

Note : Local Elections=978

Problems=978

(2) Political Gerrymandering=979

Davis v. Bandemer=980

Note=986

Problems=987

(3) Racial Gerrymandering=987

Shaw v. Reno=987

Note=994

Miller v. Johnson=995

Note=999

Problems=1000

(4) Vote Recording and Counting=1000

Bush v. Gore=1000

Problems=1008

c. Access to the Ballot=1008

5. Education=1009

San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez=1009

Note=1017

Problems=1017

Plyler v. Doe=1018

Note=1023

Problems=1023

XI. FREEDOM OF SPEECH=1031

Problem : An International Treaty Regulating the Internet=1031

A. Historical Intentions and Underlying Values=1032

1. Framers' Intent=1032

2. Underlying Values=1033

Toward a General Theory of the First Amendment / Thomas I. Emerson=1033

Scope of the First Amendment Freedom of Speech / C. Edwin Baker=1036

Neutral Principles and Some First Amendment Problems / Robert H. Bork=1037

The First Amendment as an Absolute / Alexander Meiklejohn=1038

Questions=1039

Problems : More on the International Treaty Regulating the Internet=1040

B. Categories of Speech=1040

1. Advocacy of Illegal Action=1040

a. Early Cases=1041

Schenck v. United States=1041

Notes and Questions=1042

Problems=1044

b. Justice Holmes's Abrams Dissent=1045

Abrams v. United States=1047

Notes and Questions=1048

Problems=1049

c. The Criminal Syndicalism Cases of the 1920s=1050

Gitlow v. New York=1050

Whitney v. California=1053

Problems=1055

d. "Clear and Present Danger" Cases from the McCarthy Era=1056

Dennis v. United States=1056

Notes=1062

Problem : Applying Dennis=1063

e. Modern Cases=1064

Brandenburg v. Ohio=1064

Notes and Questions=1067

Problems=1068

f. Speech and Terrorism After 9/11=1071

Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project=1071

Notes=1076

2. Fighting Words and Hostile Audiences=1077

Cantwell v. Connecticut=1078

Problem : The Antiabortion Campaign=1079

Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire=1080

Notes and Questions=1082

Problems=1082

Gooding v. Wilson=1084

Note : The Gooding Dissents=1085

Problems=1085

Feiner v. New York=1087

Notes and Questions=1089

Problems=1091

3. Offensive Speech=1092

Cohen v. California=1092

Notes and Questions=1096

Problems=1097

4. Defamatory Statements=1099

a. The Constitutionalization of Defamation=1099

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan=1099

Notes and Questions=1106

Problems=1109

b. Application of the "Actual Malice" Standard=1110

St. Amant v. Thompson=1110

Notes and Questions=1113

Problem : Proving Actual Malice=1114

c. Private Plaintiffs=1114

Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.=1114

Notes and Questions=1120

Problems=1122

d. Fact Versus Opinion=1122

Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co.=1123

Notes=1124

Problem : Libel Proof?=1125

5. Privacy=1125

Time, Inc. v. Hill=1126

Notes and Questions=1129

Problems=1130

6. Emotional Distress=1132

Hustler Magazine, Inc. v. Falwell=1132

Problems=1135

Snyder v. Phelps=1135

Problems=1145

7. Obscenity=1147

a. Defining Obscenity=1147

Roth v. United States=1147

Notes and Questions=1151

Miller v. United States=1152

Notes=1157

Problems=1157

b. "Consenting Adults" and "Adult Possession"=1158

Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton=1159

Stanley v. Georgia=1162

Note : Stanley's Limits and Impact=1164

c. Special Rules for Minors?=1164

Ginsberg v. New York=1164

Notes=1167

Problems=1167

8. Child Pornography=1168

Ferber v. New York=1168

Notes and Questions=1174

Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition=1176

Note : Ginsburg and Ashcroft=1185

Problems=1186

9. Pornography That Degrades Women=1187

American Booksellers Association, Inc. v. Hudnut=1187

Note and Question : A "Feminist Critique"=1193

Problems=1193

10. Near Obscene=1194

Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville=1194

Problems=1197

Young v. American Mini Theatres, Inc.=1198

Question : Time, Place, and Manner Analysis=1201

Problem : More on Zoning=1201

Schad v. Borough of Mount Ephraim=1201

Problems=1203

City of Erie v. Pap's A. M.=1204

Question : Reappraisal of the Justifications for Protecting Speech=1208

Problems=1209

11. "Hate" Speech=1209

R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul=1210

Notes and Questions=1218

Problems=1220

Virginia v. Black=1221

Notes and Questions=1230

Problem=1231

12. Possible Additional Categories for Exclusion of Speech Protection=1234

United States v. Stevens=1234

Note : Violent Video Games=1240

United States v. Alvarez=1241

Note : Truth, Lies, and History=1254

Problems=1255

13. Commercial Speech=1255

Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Reilly=1257

Notes=1263

Problems=1266

C. Symbolic Speech=1267

United States v. O'Brien=1268

Note : The O'Brien Test=1273

Problems=1274

Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence=1274

Note : The "Gateway" Element=1279

Problem : Symbolic Speech Analysis=1279

Texas v.Johnson=1280

Notes=1287

Problems=1287

Christian Legal Society Chapter of the University of California v. Martinez=1289

D. Overbreadth and Vagueness=1299

Board of Airport Commissioners of the City of Los Angeles v. Jews for Jesus, Inc.=1300

Note : Distinguishing Vagueness and Overbreatdth=1302

Problems=1303

City of Houston v. Hill=1304

Notes and Questions=1308

Problems=1308

United States v. Stevens=1309

E. Prior Restraints=1318

1. Licensing=1319

Lovell v. City of Griffin=1319

Notes=1320

Problems=1321

Freedman v. Maryland=1321

Notes and Questions=1324

Problem : More on the International Treaty Regulating the Internet=1325

2. Injunctions=1326

Near v. Minnesota=1326

Notes and Questions=1332

Problem : More on the International Treaty Regulating the Internet=1332

New York Times Co. v. United States=1333

Note : The Progressive Case and the H-Bomb Secret=1338

Problems=1338

Madsen v. Women's Health Center, Inc.=1339

Problem : Protests at Military Funerals=1346

F. The Press=1346

1. Does the Constitution Grant the Press a Privileged Position?=1347

Note and Question : Is It Possible to Define "the Press"?=1347

2. Does the Press Have Special Immunities?=1348

Branzburg v. Hayes=1348

Notes=1348

Problem : More on the International Treaty Regulating the Internet=1354

3. Access to Judicial Proceedings=1354

Globe Newspaper Co. v. Superior Court=1354

Notes and Questions=1357

Problems : Protecting Jurors=1357

4. Access to Prisons=1358

5. The Press and Due Process=1361

Sheppard v. Maxwell=1361

Notes=1366

Problems=1367

6. Due Process and Prior Restraints=1368

Nebraska Press Association v. Stuart=1368

Notes and Questions=1371

Problem : More on the International Treaty Regulating the Internet=1372

G. Access to Government Property=1372

International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc. v. Lee=1373

Notes=1381

Problems=1382

Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness,Inc.=1383

Note : Alternative Tests=1389

Problems=1389

Lee v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc.=1390

Note : Justice O'Connor and ISKCON=1391

Problem : The Port Authority's Ban on Literature=1391

Police Department of City of Chicago v. Mosley=1392

Notes=14

Problems=1396

Pleasant Grove City v. Summum=1397

H. First Amendment Rights of Public Employees=1405

1. Prohibiting Electioneering=1405

United Public Workers of America(C.I.O.) v. Mitchell=1406

Note : Other Justifications=1409

Problem : More on the International Treaty Regulating the Internet=1409

2. Other Employee Speech=1409

Connick v. Myers=1409

Note : Federal Employees, Private Honoraria=1414

Rankin v. McPherson=1415

Notes=1419

Problems=1420

Garcetti v. Ceballos=1421

Note : Public Employees and the Petition Clause=1429

Problems=1430

3. Associational Rights=1431

Elrod v. Burns=1431

Notes=1437

Problem : Protecting Political Affiliation=1438

I. Government Support of Speech=1438

Legal Services Corp. v. Velazquez=1438

Note=1444

Problem : More on the International Treaty Regulating the Internet=1444

United States v. American Library Association=1444

Notes=1450

Problems=1452

J. Broadcast Regulation=1453

Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC=1453

Notes and Questions=1457

FCC v. Pacifica Foundation=1459

Notes=1465

Problem : Antiabortion Advertising=1468

K. Advancing Technology=1468

Turner Broadcasting System, Ine. v. FCC=1469

Notes=1474

Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union=1475

Notes and Questions=1489

Problems=1491

L. Freedom of Association=1492

1. The Right to Associate=1492

NAACP v. Alabama=1492

Notes=1495

Problems=1496

Roberts v. United States Jaycees=1496

Note : More on Nondiscrimination Ordinances=1504

Problems=1504

2. The Right "Not to Speak"=1505

Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Group of Boston=1506

Notes=1511

Problems=1512

Board of Regents of The University of Wisconsin System v. Southworth=1512

Notes=1515

Problems=1517

Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Association=1517

Problem : Government Speech=1522

M. Campaign Finance Laws=1522

1. Modern Foundations=1522

Notes=1526

Problems=1530

2. Corporate Speech=1532

Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission=1532

Notes=1554

Problems=1558

3. Disclosure Requirements=1560

Doe ＃1 v. Reed=1560

Problem : As-Applied Challenges=1567

4. Public Financing=1567

XII. THE REUGION ClAUSES=1583

Problem : More on the Education for a Better America Act=1583

A. The Establishment Clause=1584

1. Financial Aid to Religion=1584

a. Early Cases=1584

Everson v. Board of Education=1584

Note : Government Support for Religious Hospitals=1588

Problems=1588

b. The Lemon Test and Doctrinal Turmoil=1589

Lemon v. Kurtzman=1589

Notes=1593

Criticisms of the Lemon Test=1594

Problem : More on the Education for a Better America Act=1595

c. Agostini v. Felton=1595

Agostini v. Felton=1595

Notes=1602

Problems=1603

d. School Vouchers=1604

Zelman v. Simmons-Harris=1604

Note and Question : Charter Schools and the Conversion of Religious Schools=1615

Problems=1615

2. School Prayer=1616

Engel v. Vitale=1616

Note : Legislative Prayer=1619

Problems=1619

Wallace v. Jaffree=1619

Problems=1622

Lee v. Weisman=1623

Notes and Questions=1627

Problems=1628

3. Curricular Issues=1628

School District of Abington Tovmship v. Schempp=1628

Problems=1631

Epperson v. Arkansas=1631

Question : The Choper Analysis=1633

Edwards v. Aguillard=1633

Problems=1637

4. Official Acknowledgment=1638

County of Allegheny v. American Civil Liberties Union=1638

Note : Requiring Swearing or Affirming a Belief in God=1646

Problems=1646

Van Orden v. Perry=1647

Problems=1657

McCrearu County v. American Civil Liberties Union of Kentucky=1657

Notes and Questions=1670

Problems=1671

B. The Free Exercise Clause=1672

1. Burdens on Religion=1672

a. Early Cases=1673

b. From Sherbert to Smith=1673

Sherbert v. Verner=1673

Notes and Questions=1676

Problem : The Atheist=1677

Wisconsin v. Yoder=1677

Problems=1683

Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Association=1683

Notes=1688

c. Modern Cases=1688

Employment Division v. Smith=1688

Notes=1694

Problems=1696

2. Discrimination Against Religion=1698

Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye, Inc. v. City of Hialeah=1698

Problems=1707

C. Establishment : Free Exercise and Free Speech Tension=1708

Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Gmmet=1708

Note : Armed Forces Chaplains=1714

Problems=1714

Rosenberger v. Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia=1714

Notes and Questions=1717

Problems=1718

Locke v. Davey=1719

Problems=1722

Note=1723

Problems=1723

XIII. THE RIGHT TO KEEP AND BEAR ARMS=1729

Problem : Comprehensive Gun-Control Legislation=1729

A. Introduction=1730

B. Early Cases=1731

C. The Meaning of the Second Amendment Between 1939 and 2008=1732

United States v. Miller=1732

Notes and Questions=1733

Problem : More on Comprehensive Gun-Control Legislation=1739

D. The Heller Revolution=1739

District of Columbia v. Heller=1740

Notes and Questions=1751

E. What Is the Scope of the Right?=1754

F. What Is the Standard of Review?=1754

1. Heller's Limited Guidance=1754

2. Application of the Right to Arms in the Lower Courts=1755

a. The Categorical Approach=1755

b. Heightened Standards of Judicial Scrutiny=1756

3. Heller's Effect on Gun Regulations=1759

Problems : More on Comprehensive Gun-Control Legislation=1759

G. Does the Right Apply to the States?=1761

McDonald v. City of Chicago=1762

Note and Question=1776

Problem : More on Comprehensive Gun-Control Legislation=1776

Table of Cases=1779

Index=1793