영문목차

List of Figures=xi

List of Tables=xvii

List of Contributors=xxiii

1. New York and Los Angeles : The Uncertain Future / David Halle ; Andrew A. Beveridge=1

PART ONE Overview

2. The Big Picture : Demographic and Other Changes / Andrew A. Beveridge ; Sydney J. Beveridge=33

3. The New York and Los Angeles Economies from Boom to Crisis / David L. Gladstone ; Susan S. Fainstein=79

4. America's Leading International Trade Centers and their Entrepreneurial Agencies : Challenges and Strategies in the New York and Los Angeles Regions / Jameson W. Doig ; Steven P. Erie ; Scott A. MacKenzie=103

PART TWO Politics and Economics

5. New York City and Los Angeles : Government and Political Influence / John Mollenkopf ; Raphael J. Sonenshein=137

6. Financial, Economic, and Political Crises : From Subprime Loans to Dodd-Frank, Occupy Wall Street, and Beyond / David Halle ; Andrew A. Beveridge=154

7. New York City and Los Angeles : Taxes, Budgets, and Managing the Financial Crisis / George Sweeting ; Andrea Dinneen=193

PART THREE Social and Urban Problems

8. Policing, Crime, and Legitimacy in New York and Los Angeles : The Social and Political Contexts of Two Historic Crime Declines / Jeffrey Fagan ; John MacDonald=219

9. Los Angeles and New York City Schools / Julia Wrigley=263

10. How New York and Los Angeles Housing Policies Are Different―and Maybe Why / Ingrid Gould Ellen ; Brendan O'Flaherty=286

11. Residential Diversity and Division : Separation and Segregation among Whites, Blacks, Hispanics, Asians, Affluent, and Poor / Andrew A. Beveridge ; David Halle ; Edward Telles ; Beth Leavenworth DuFault=310

PART FOUR Immigration and Ethnic Communities

12. New York and Los Angeles as Immigrant Destinations : Contrasts and Convergence / Nancy Foner ; Roger Waldinger=343

13. The Transformation of Chinese American Communities : New York vs. Los Angeles / Min Zhou ; Margaret M. Chin ; Rebecca Y. Kim=358

PART FIVE Planning and Environmentalism

14. Planning Los Angeles : The Changing Politics of Neighborhood and Downtown Development / Andrew Deener ; Steven P. Erie ; Vladimir Kogan ; Forrest Stuart=385

15. A Land Ethic for the City of Water / Kristen Van Hooreweghe ; Steve Lang ; William Kornblum=413

16. Environmental and Social Justice Movements and Policy Change in Los Angeles : Is an Inside-Outside Game Possible? / Martha M. Matsuoka ; Robert Gottlieb=445

PART SIX Culture

17. Los Angeles, Where Architecture Is At / Rick Bell=469

18. New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago as Depicted in Hit Movies / David Halle ; Eric Vanstrom ; Jan Reiff ; Ted Nitschke=484

19. The Nonprofit Sector in New York City and Los Angeles / Helmut K. Anheier ; Marcus Lam ; David B. Howard=513

Bibliography=533

Index=573

1.1. Population Size and Change in Los Angeles and New York City Regions, 1990 to 2010=5

1.2. GINI Coefficients for Income for OECD Countries=26

1.3. Income Inequality in 25 Largest Cities, 5 Largest Metros, and United States in 2010=27

2.1. Population in Los Angeles and New York City Regions and Defined Areas, 1970 to 2010=66

2.2. Non-Hispanic White Population in Los Angeles and New York City Regions and Defined Areas, 1970 to 2010=67

2.3. Non-Hispanic Black Population in Los Angeles and New York City Regions and Defined Areas, 1970 to 2010=68

2.4. Hispanic Population in Los Angeles and New York City Regions and Defined Areas, 1970 to 2010=69

2.5. Non-Hispanic Asian Population in Los Angeles and New York City Regions and Defined Areas, 1970 to 2010=70

2.6. Foreign-Born Population in Los Angeles and New York City Regions and Defined Areas, 1970 to 2010=71

2.7. Median Household Income (in 2010 dollars) Los Angeles and New York City Regions and Defined Areas, 1980 to 2008-2010=72

2.8. Median House Value (in 2010 dollars) Los Angeles and New York City Regions and Defined Areas, 1980 to 2000 for Specified Owner Occupied Units and 2000 to 2008-2010 for All Owner Occupied Units=73

2.9. Foreclosure Rates in Los Angeles and New York City Regions and Defined Areas, May 1, 2008, through April 30, 2009=74

2.10. Median Contract Rent (in 2010 dollars) Los Angeles and New York City Regions and Defined Areas, 1980 to 2008-2010=74

2.11. Percent BA Degree among those 20 to 29 in Various Areas of Los Angeles and New York City Regions, 1970 to 2006-2010=75

2.12. Percent of 20-Somethings Working Full-time by Sex in Various Areas of Los Angeles and New York City Regions, 1970 to 2006-2010=76

2.13. Median Earnings (in 2010 Dollars) of 20-Somethings in Various Areas of Los Angeles and New York City Regions, 1970 to 2006-2010=77

2.14. Median Household Income (in 2010 dollars) for Children 0-4 in Various Areas of Los Angeles and New York City Regions (ACS 2006-2010)=78

3.1. Population and Labor Force, Los Angeles County and New York City, 2010=80

3.2. Overnight Visitors to New York City and Greater Los Angeles Area, 2010=82

3.3. Los Angeles County and New York City, Location Quotients for Motion Pictures and Producer Services, 2008=83

3.4. Los Angeles County and New York City, Employment Growth in Selected Industries, 1998-2008=85

3.5. Los Angeles County and New York City, Employment Share in Select Industries, 1998-2008 (All figures are %)=87

3.6. Largest Companies in Greater Los Angeles and New York City, 2010=88

3.7. Los Angeles County and New York City, Employment Growth in Select Industries, 2007-2009=89

3.8. Average Wage and Salary Income for Select Industries, New York City and Los Angeles County, 1998-2009=92

3.9. Ratio of Income to Poverty Level, Los Angeles County and New York City, 1999-2009 (All Figures % of Population)=93

3.10. Los Angeles and New York, Unemployment Rates, 2000-2012=93

3.11. Gini Coefficients for the Fifteen Largest US Cities and Metropolitan Areas, 2010=97

4.1. US Merchandise Trade by Shipping Mode, 2011 (in billions of dollars by customs district)=104

4.2. Top US Global Gateways, 2010 (merchandise trade in billions of dollars)=104

4.3. Historical Port Traffic (millions of TEUs)=120

4.4. Historical Air Cargo Traffic (thousands of tons)=113

5.1. Mayoral Election Results, New York and Los Angeles, 1965-Present=139

5.2. Mayoral Vote Shares in Los Angeles, 1993-2009=141

5.3. Mayoral Vote Shares in New York, 1989-2009=142

5.4. New York City and Los Angeles Governmental Institutions=145

5.5. Minority Membership on City Councils, New York City and Los Angeles, 1966-Present=148

5.A. A Comparison of New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago, 2010=152

6.1. Top 10 Lenders Making Subprime Loans, 2005-2007=156

7.1. Taxes per $100 Gross Taxable Resources of Direct and Overlapping Governments, 2003-2004=195

7.2. Los Angeles and New York City Revenue Sources (excluding State and Federal Grants), 2006-2007=196

7.3. City of Los Angeles Yearly Adopted Operating Budget and Mid-Year Surplus or Deficit, FY2001-11 (dollars in millions)=199

7.4. Los Angeles, 2011-12 Expenditures (dollars in millions)=203

7.5. New York City Yearly Operating Budget and Projected Surplus or Deficit, Fiscal Years 2001-02 to 2011-12 (dollars in millions)=206

8.1. Pedestrian Stops per 100,000 Persons, New York and Los Angeles, 2002 and 2007=242

10.1. Proportion of Rental Housing Units Receiving Subsidies or under Rent Regulation, Ten Largest Cities=289

10.2. Median Rent, Rent-to-Income Ratio, and Home Value, 2000, Ten Largest Cities=298

10.3. Percent of Housing Units Occupied by their Owners, 2000, Ten Largest Cities=299

10.4. Extremes of the Income Distribution : 1999 Income Received by Residents, Ten Largest Cities=300

10.5. City Population Density, 2000, Ten Largest Cities=303

10.6. Proportion of 1990 Householders Remaining in the Same Unit until 2000, Ten Largest Cities=305

11.1. Segregation Indexes for Los Angeles and New York City Regions, 1980 through 2010=314

11.2. Population and Racial Composition of Harlem and New York City, 1910 to 2010=320

11.3. Population and Racial Composition of South Los Angeles, Watts, South Central Historic, LA City and LA County, 1940 to 2010=325

11.4. Percent and Indexes of Segregation for Households with Income $200K or more and those in Poverty, New York City and Los Angeles Regions, 2000 and 2006-2010=331

11.5. Segregation Indexes for Race and Hispanic Status and Affluence for Los Angeles and New York City Regions, 2006-2010=333

11.A. Dissimilarity Index Values 1980 to 2010 Counties in Los Angeles and New York City Regions for Non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, and Non-Hispanic Asian and Pacific Islanders and Ranks for all Counties Greater than 50,000 in 1980=336

12.1. Region of Birth of Foreign-Born=345

12.2. Average Number of Years in United States=346

12.3. Percent Less Than High School Educated among Foreign-Born=346

12.4. Percent College Educated or More among Foreign-Born=347

12.5. Percent Citizens among Foreign-Born=347

12.6. Top Sending Countries : Percent Foreign-Born by 2007-09 Rank Order=348

12.7. Top Sending Countries : Percent Foreign-Born by 1980 Rank Order (New York region only)=348

13.1. All Cities/Places in the United States with over 10,000 People where the Chinese Population is 20% or More=373

14.1. New Construction Permits in Downtown Los Angeles, 2000-2009=397

15.1. Water Quality Indicators by New York Harbor Region=421

15.2. Historic Changes in Climatic Measures for New York City Metropolitan Area and Watershed=433

15.3. Predicted Global Climate Change Consequences for New York City Metropolitan Area and Watershed=434

15.4. Population and Housing Units Flooded by Superstorm Sandy=437

18.1. All Time Box Office Hits (adjusted for ticket price inflation to 2012 prices)=489

18.2. Los Angeles Hit Movies, 1920-2011=490

18.3. Chicago Hit Movies, 1920-2011=495

18.4. New York Hit Movies, 1930s=497

18.5. New York Hit Movies, 1950-1969=500

18.6. New York Hit Movies, 1970-1995=501

18.7. New York Hit Movies, 1996-2012=503

18.8. Saturation and Non-saturation Releases=509

19.1. Comparison of Registered and Reporting 501(c)(3) Organizations in New York City and Los Angeles County, by Subfields=519

19.2. Comparison of Reporting 501(c)(3) Organizations' Expenditure in New York City and Los Angeles County, by Subfields=522

1.1. Los Angeles and Vicinity, Places with 100,000 or More in Population, and Selected Neighborhoods=2

1.2. New York City and Vicinity, Counties, Selected Places and Neighborhoods=3

2.1. Defined Areas for Los Angeles Region and Counties=36

2.2. Defined Areas for New York City Region and Counties=37

2.3. Los Angeles and New York City Regions Population Change 1970 to 2010=38

2.4. Population Density by Census Tracts, Los Angeles Region, 2010=39

2.5. Population Density by Census Tracts, New York City Region, 2010=40

2.6. Los Angeles and New York City Regions Non-Hispanic White Population Change 1970 to 2010=41

2.7. Percent Non-Hispanic White by Census Tract, Los Angeles Region, 2010=42

2.8. Percent Non-Hispanic White by Census Tract, New York City Region, 2010=43

2.9. Los Angeles and New York City Regions Non-Hispanic Black Population Change 1970 to 2010=44

2.10. Percent Non-Hispanic Black by Census Tract, Los Angeles Region, 2010=44

2.11. Percent Non-Hispanic Black by Census Tract, New York City Region, 2010=45

2.12. Los Angeles and New York City Regions Hispanic Population Change 1980 to 2010=46

2.13. Percent Hispanic by Census Tract, Los Angeles Region, 2010=46

2.14. Percent Hispanic by Census Tract, New York Region, 2010=47

2.15. Los Angeles and New York City Regions Non-Hispanic Asian Population Change 1970 to 2010=48

2.16. Percent Non-Hispanic Asian by Census Tract, Los Angeles Region, 2010=49

2.17. Percent Non-Hispanic Asian by Census Tract, New York City Region, 2010=50

2.18. Los Angeles and New York City Regions Foreign Born Population Change 1970 to 2010=51

2.19. Median Household Income (in 2010 dollars) Los Angeles and New York City Regions by Region, 1980 to 2000 and 2008-2010=52

2.20. Median Household Income by Census Tract, Los Angeles Region, 2010=53

2.21. Median Household Income by Census Tract, New York City Region, 2010=54

2.22. Median House Value (in 2010 dollars) Los Angeles and New York City Regions by Defined Areas, for Specified Owner Occupied Units 1980 to 2000 and All Owner Occupied Units 2000 to 2008-2010=55

2.23. Median House Value by Census Tract, Los Angeles Region, 2006-2010 (ACS Data)=55

2.24. Median House Value by Census Tract, New York City Region, 2006-2010 (ACS Data)=56

2.25. Case-Shiller Housing Price Index for LA and NYC Region and Composite 10 Large Regions, January 1987 through July 2012 (Seasonally and Inflation Adjusted)=57

2.26. Foreclosure Rates April 1, 2008, to March 31, 2009, Los Angeles and New York City Regions by Defined Areas=58

2.27. Percent Foreclosure Starts by Census Tract, Los Angeles Region, May 1, 2008, to April 30, 2009=59

2.28. Percent Foreclosure Starts by Census Tract, New York City Region, May 1, 2008, to April 30, 2009=60

2.29. Median Contract Rent (in 2010 dollars) Los Angeles and New York City Regions by Defined Areas, 1970 to 2000 and 2000 to 2008-2010=61

3.1. New York and Los Angeles Metropolitan Region Unemployment Rates, 2000 to 2012=94

4.1. Facilities of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey=106

4.2. Airports and Sea Ports in the Los Angeles Region=107

4.3. The Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach (San Pedro Bay Ports), the Alameda Corridor, and Alameda Corridor East Project=108

4.4. US Trade with the World=118

4.5. Port of New York-New Jersey Container Traffic=119

4.6. San Pedro Bay Port Traffic=125

6.1. Ratio of Median House Value to Median Household Income for Los Angeles and New York Defined Areas by Region, 1980 to 2000 and 2000 to 2008-2010=164

7.1. Map of Current and Proposed Rapid Transit Lines=202

7.2. Wall Street Profits and Bonuses, 1998-2011=211

8.1. Map of the Rampart Police Division in LA=226

8.2. Terry Stops and Felony Crimes per 100,000 Persons, New York City, 1998-2009=235

8.3. Homicide Rates per 100,000 Persons, New York and Los Angeles, 1960-2010=239

8.4. Robbery Rates per 100,000 Persons, New York and Los Angeles, 1960-2010=239

8.5. Homicide Rates with Linear Trends in New York and Los Angeles following COMPSTAT, 1980-2010=241

8.6. Concentration of Ten-Year Plan Units in New York City, 1985-1995=245

8.7. Homicide Trajectories, New York City Neighborhoods, 1985-2002=246

8.8. Map of Homicide Trajectories by Neighborhood, New York City, 1985-2002=247

8.9. Crime Trends in Los Angeles Central Police Division, January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2007=248

8.10. Distribution of Foreign-Born and Hispanics in Los Angeles Neighborhoods (1990 and 2000)=251

8.11. Average Change in Crime by Quartiles of Predicted Immigrant Concentration, Los Angeles Census Tracts, 2000-2005=252

8.12. Distribution of Foreign-Born Population in New York Neighborhoods (1990-2000)=253

8.13. Effects of Immigrant Concentration on Crime by Type of Crime (Z Scores), New York City Census Tracts, 1990-2002=254

8.14. Effects of Immigrant Concentration on Crime by Ethnicity (Z Scores), New York City Census Tracts, 1990-2002=254

8.15. Effects of Immigrant Concentration on Enforcement by Type of Crime (Z Scores), New York City Census Tracts, 1990-2002=256

8.16. Effects of Immigrant Concentration on Enforcement by Ethnicity (Z Scores), New York City Census Tracts, 1990-2002=257

10.1. Foreclosures in New York City and Los Angeles, 2006-2009=295

11.1. Percent African American in Harlem by Census Tract, 1980 and 2010=323

11.2. Percent African American in South Los Angeles, Watts, and South Central Historic by Census Tract, 1970 and 2010=326

11.3. Percent Households with Incomes $200,000 or more by Census Tract, New York City Region, 2006 to 2010=327

11.4. Percent Households with Incomes $200,000 or more by Census Tract, Los Angeles Region, 2006 to 2010=328

11.5. Percent of Persons in Poverty by Census Tract, New York City Region, 2006 to 2010=329

11.6. Percent of Persons in Poverty by Census Tract, Los Angeles Region, 2006 to 2010=329

13.1. Percent Chinese in New York City Region and in Areas of High Concentration (All Chinese or Taiwanese)=364

13.2. Percent Chinese in Los Angeles Region and in Areas of High Concentration (All Chinese or Taiwanese)=372

14.1. Central Area Planning Commission Jurisdiction=398

14.2. Los Angeles Community Redevelopment Agency Expenditures=399

14.3. Downtown Megaproject Clusters and Skid Row=400

14.4. Cathedral of Our Lady of Angels=402

14.5. Walt Disney Concert Hall=403

14.6. Proposed Grand Avenue Development Project=404

14.7. Skid Row (San Julian and Sixth Streets)=407

14.8. LAPD Homeless Sweep in Skid Row=408

15.1. Projected New York City Energy Consumption for Year 2030=415

15.2. Greenhouse Gas Emissions per Capita for Major Cities=415

15.3. Inner Harbor Water Quality : Fecal Coliform Levels=419

15.4. Inner Harbor Water Quality : Dissolved Oxygen Levels=420

15.5. Concrete Park in the Bronx, August 27, 2010=427

15.6. Map of Jamaica Bay, 1911=429

15.7. Sandy Flood Surge in Tri-State Area. Including Proposed Sandy Hook to Rockaways Storm Barrier and East River Flood Gate=435

15.8. Sandy Flood Surge in New York City, Depth and Population and Housing Units Affected=436

15.9. William Kornblum's House Damaged by Tree on Long Beach Island=437

17.1. Reuse Atop the Standard Hotel=470

17.2. Reuse at the Morgan Library=472

17.3. Sustainability at NRDC building in Santa Monica=473

17.4. Sustainability at the New York Times=473

17.5. Openness at Caltrans=474

17.6. Openness at the Rose Center=475

17.7. Fun at Walter E. Disney Hall=476

17.8. Fun at Alice Tully Hall=477

17.9. Connectivity at Pershing Square=478

17.10. Connectivity at Times Square=479

17.11. Connectivity on the High Line=480

17.12. Spirit at the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels=481

17.13. Spirit at the Downtown Drop-in Center=482

17.14. Spirit at the Center for Academic and Spiritual Life=483

18.1. Number of Hit Movies Featuring New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Paris, and London, 1900-2010=486

19.1. Nonprofit Expenditure 2000 to 2009, New York and Los Angeles, in $ billion=524

19.2. Government Grants as Proportion of Total Revenue of Nonprofits, New York and Los Angeles, 2008=525