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Title page

Contents

ABSTRACT 2

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5

INTRODUCTION 6

1. HISTORICAL ROOTS OF THE EU'S COMMON RESPONSE TO DISASTERS AND THE EMERGENCE OF THE UNION CIVIL PROTECTION MECHANISM 9

1.1. Historical context 9

1.2. Creation of a common civil protection mechanism 10

1.3. The UCPM: A Symbol of European Solidarity 11

1.4. The Emergence of the Contemporary UCPM 12

2. CBRN CRISIS MANAGEMENT AND THE UCPM 14

2.1. Is the UCPM an effective means of crisis management in the event of major terrorist attack involving CBRN? 14

2.2. Financing the UCPM 15

2.3. Activation of the UCPM in calamity management 16

2.4. Conclusion 16

3. CBRN DEFENCE AND THE UCPM 19

3.1. Biological agents 19

3.1.1. Bioterrorism defence and the UCPM 20

3.2. Chemical agents 21

3.2.1. Chemical-terrorism defence and the UCPM 22

3.3. Radiological and nuclear devices 23

3.3.1. Radiological and nuclear devices and the UCPM 24

3.4. Conclusion 24

4. THE EU COMMISSION'S NEW ACTION PLAN AND FURTHER ENHANCING THE UCPM 25

4.1. Increasing cooperation at the EU and Member State level 25

4.2. A more centralised implementation 25

4.3. UCPM in a key role 26

5. POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 28

REFERENCES 30