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Opening remarks
About the Author
Foreword from Ken Scott mbe frics
Preface
Acknowledgements
Introduction

1 Virtual learning environment (VLE)
Using the online learning programme
Based on feedback
Initial registration
Assessments and certificates

2 The DIM-ICE risk model
Legal requirements
Accredited prior learning
Problems “lying in wait”
Causality
Two key definitions
The Titanic
The underlying cause
Anything that can go wrong will go wrong ? Murphy’s law
Density and flow
Operations research
How does this apply to crowd risk analysis?
Classification of major incidents
A history of incidents
DIM-ICE risk model
Proximate and distal
Phases and influences on crowd behaviour
Complicated
Design-information-management
Ingress-circulation-egress
Anticipate, plan, prepare and prevent
Overly complicated
Templates
Structuring a crowd management plan
Split the document
Use the models
Do it in parts
Application ? Canada Day
Address the key site issues
The grassy slope
Oh no!
Critical analysis
DIM-ICE and the UK Event Guide to Safety

3 Crowd dynamics
Introduction
The language barrier
The Green Guide
Visualising crowd density
Density is not one value
Simplifying the vocabulary
Red, Orange (Amber), Green
4.7 or 5?
USA ? the event safety guide
NFPA 101 - life safety code
Crowd surge
Crowd risks
High density
UK and USA guidance
Visualising crowd density
Legislation and guidance
Safe capacities
Comparing UK and USA density/area per person
UK and USA differences
Spotting risk
Occupancy
Moving/dynamic crowds
A moving crowd requires more space
Vocabulary
Orderly crowds
If in doubt, measure it
Simplifying communications
Drawing flow lines
Density and flow in the guidance
Assessing flow rates
What factors affect flow rate?
Summary ? UK and USA
Shock waves
Simulations
Crowd pressure
Designing queueing systems
Safer design
Design task
Elements of queueing design
Information shapes behaviour
Design issues
Your queueing systems
Hold and release
Balancing the flow
Simulating a progressive crowd collapse

4 Crowd modelling
Retracing their steps
London New Year
Modelling the site
Egress is a function of ingress

5 RAMP analysis
First-pass approximations
What is the best way to plan for a non-ticketed event?
Four considerations
RAMP Analysis ? Examples
Route diagrams
MCFC Victory Parade
Draw six routing diagrams
Areas
Do you want to move this into that?
Site measurement
Movement
Etihad Stadium project
2006 London New Year
People/profile
Social media crowds
Putting it all together

6 Crowd counting
Three million people
Area check
Not 1.8 million
1/3rd of the Obama Crowd
Hong Kong
Area analysis
Flow analysis
Why is crowd counting important?
Economic issues with inflated crowd counting
Counting backlash
Andrew Seeds ? Counting the People’s March
About Andrew
Introduction
Routes
Area
Movements
Formula’s used
Formula’s used
Persons/profile
Summary
References
Conclusions ? Crowd-Counting
The final word

7 Control room information
Is it possible to control attention?
Why this is important when working in control rooms
Why do we need risk maps?
Early detection
Free download

8 Queueing systems
Arrival rate and service rate
It is more than just the mathematics
Three conditions to understand
Arrival rate is less than service rate
Balanced systems
How do we “balance” a system?
Movement over time
The fundamental queuing formula
Summary

9 Crowd risk analysis
What is meant by a “hazard”, a “risk” and a “threat”?
A typical risk assessment
Public and professional risks
Understanding risk
The magician’s eye
Crowd risk analysis
Risk perceptions 1 ? Roulette
Risk perceptions 2 ? the bridge
Risk vs reward
If it is predictable, it is preventable
A picture paints a thousand words
Visualising risk
The future of crowd risk assessment
Visual to visual

10 Event egress analysis
Event egress
Foreseeable
Classroom exercise
Bottleneck
Modelling the site
The site egress model
Simplification
Further simplification
Spreadsheet analysis
Egress dynamics
Redesign the site

11 Strategic and tactical analysis
Background
Crowd science and game theory
Communication failure
Phenomenology
Visual perceptions
Shaping crowd behaviour
What is a communication failure?
Jargon
How do we assess our communications?
Crowd behaviour and the DIM-ICE model
Interprofessional communications
Emergency planning
Many applications
Strategy and tactics

12 Emergency situations
Emergency planning
Incident detection
Toronto ? Nathan Square
Site analysis
Project analysis
Using excel for real-time site evacuation models
Only five strategic responses
1. Total evacuation
2.Directed evacuation
3.Phased evacuation
4.Invacuation
5.Stay put
Further research

13 Summary
Why do we need these courses?
More efficient
Use the right tool
DIM-ICE
Crowd dynamics
RAMP analysis
Risk and Congestion Mapping
Strategy and tactics

14 Crowd science essays
Catastrophe theory
Student papers
Manon Gijbels ? Event Safety Planning
About Manon
An event safety plan should incorporate crowd science
References
Kristin Finn ? An analysis of crowds for event safety
About Kristin
Introduction
References
Eric Kant ? Introduction to Crowd Science
About Eric
Introduction
Crowd Science
Key theories that underpin crowd science
Risk assessment
Conventional risk assessment process
Appropriate risk assessment methodology
Influences on crowd behaviour
Phases of crowd behaviour
Modes of crowd behaviour
DIM-ICE matrix
Legal, regulatory and risk management framework
Crowd Science and its application within the events scenario
References
Kevin Kennedy ? Crowd science in Canada
About Kevin
Introduction
Definition: What is Crowd Science?
Key theories
Proxemics
Crowd Density as it relates to Crowd Dynamics
Crowd behaviour
Social identity approach
Legal issues
How it can be incorporated into event planning
Planning and communications
Tools
Conclusion
References

15 Example case study
Kristin Finn ? Rugby World Cup, Fan Zone
Introduction
Analysis of Rugby Fan Zone site, Exeter
RAMP analysis ? Routes (directions)
Areas
Movement
Profile
DIM-ICE evaluation
Congestion/risk maps for the site
Decision support matrix/analysis
Conclusion and recommendations
References

16 Crowd science and Covid 19
Dr. Syan Schaap ? Covid-19, crowd management
About Syan
Covid-19 pandemic: society as a crowd management challenge - strict rules
Aid to cities
Directed approach
Phased approach
DIM-ICE
Managing visitors in recreational areas
National guidance
Education
Importance of Crowd Science

17 The future
Learning during lockdown
Covid crowds
Afterword
Diarmuid Smyth ? The future of crowd science
There is nothing so practical as a good theory
Final word

Index

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Applied crowd science 이용현황 표 - 등록번호, 청구기호, 권별정보, 자료실, 이용여부로 구성 되어있습니다.
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Applied Crowd Science outlines the theory and applications of the crowd safety course that Keith Still has developed and taught worldwide for over thirty years. It includes the background and applications of the crowd risk assessment tools, as well as essays and case studies from international users (UK, Ireland, Canada, Australia, Holland, Belgium and Japan) -- see Support Material on www.routledge.com/9781138626560. Keith’s courses are mandatory training for all UK Police Public Event Commanders.

The text covers legislation and guidance for crowd safety in places of public assembly, and outlines the requirements of a crowd risk assessment for mass gatherings. It draws on Prof. Still’s expert witness experience, highlighting both the problems you need to understand for your event planning.　



This text on the theory and applications of crowd safety provides the background and applications of crowd risk assessment tools, with case studies on www.routledge.com/9781138626560. It overviews legislation and guidance for crowd safety in places of public assembly, and the requirements of a crowd risk assessment for mass gatherings.



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