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Preface
Acknowledgments
1 The Origins of Language
The Divine Source
The Natural Sound Source
The "Bow-Wow" Theory
The "Pooh-Pooh" Theory
The Musical Source
The Social Interaction Source
The Physical Adaptation Source
Teeth and Lips
Mouth and Tongue
Larynx and Pharynx
The Tool-Making Source
The Human Brain
The Gesture Source
The Genetic Source
The Innateness Hypothesis
Study Questions
Tasks
Discussion Topics/Projects
Further Reading
2 Animals and Human Language
Communication
Properties of Human Language
Displacement
Arbitrariness
Cultural Transmission
Productivity
Duality
Talking to Animals
Chimpanzees and Language
Washoe
Sarah and Lana
The Controversy
Kanzi
Using Language
Study Questions
Tasks
Discussion Topics/Projects
Further Reading
3 The Sounds of Language
Phonetics
Consonants
Voiced and Voiceless Sounds
Place of Articulation
Familiar Symbols
Unfamiliar Symbols
Transcribing Sounds (Not Letters)
Manner of Articulation
A Consonant Chart
Glottal Stops and Flaps
Vowels
Diphthongs
American and British Diphthongs
Subtle Individual Variation
Study Questions
Tasks
Discussion Topics/Projects
Further Reading
4 The Sound Patterns of Language
Phonology
Phonemes
Natural Classes
Phones and Allophones
Complementary Distribution
Minimal Pairs and Sets
Phonotactics
Syllables
Consonant Clusters
Coarticulation Effects
Assimilation
Nasalization
Elision
Normal Speech
Study Questions
Tasks
Discussion Topics/Projects
Bob Belviso Translated
Further Reading
5 Word Formation
Neologisms
Etymology
Borrowing
Loan-Translation
Compounding
Blending
Clipping
Hypocorisms
Backformation
Conversion
Coinage
Acronyms
Derivation
Prefixes and Suffixes
Infixes
Multiple Processes
Study Questions
Tasks
Discussion Topics/Projects
Further Reading
6 Morphology
Morphology
Morphemes
Free and Bound Morphemes
Lexical and Functional Morphemes
Derivational Morphemes
Inflectional Morphemes
Morphological Description
Morphs, Allomorphs and Special Cases
Other Languages
Kanuri
Ganda
Ilocano
Tagalog
Study Questions
Tasks
Discussion Topics/Projects
Further Reading
7 Grammar
English Grammar
Traditional Grammar
The Parts of Speech
Agreement
Grammatical Gender
Traditional Analysis
The Prescriptive Approach
Captain Kirk's Infinitive
The Descriptive Approach
Structural Analysis
Constituent Analysis
Subjects and Objects
Word Order
Language Typology
Why Study Grammar?
Study Questions
Tasks
Discussion Topics/Projects
Further Reading
8 Syntax
Syntactic Rules
A Generative Grammar
Syntactic Analysis
Phrase Structure Rules
Lexical Rules
Tree Diagrams
Tree Diagrams of English Sentences
A Movement Rule
Study Questions
Tasks
Discussion Topics/Projects
Further Reading
9 Semantics
Meaning
Semantic Features
Componential Analysis
Words as Containers of Meaning
Semantic Roles
Agent and Theme
Instrument and Experiencer
Location, Source and Goal
Lexical Relations
Synonymy
Antonymy
Hyponymy
Prototypes
Homophones and Homonyms
Polysemy
Word Play
Metonymy
Collocation
Concordance
Study Questions
Tasks
Discussion Topics/Projects
Further Reading
10 Pragmatics
Invisible Meaning
Context
Deixis
Reference
Inference
Anaphora
Presupposition
Pragmatic Markers
The Co-operative Principle
Hedges
Implicatures
Politeness
Negative and Positive Face
Speech Acts
Direct and Indirect Speech Acts
Study Questions
Tasks
Discussion Topics/Projects
Further Reading
11 Discourse Analysis
Discourse
Interpreting Discourse
Cohesion
Coherence
Conversation Analysis
Turn-Taking
Pauses and Filled Pauses
Adjacency Pairs
Insertion Sequences
Conversational Repair
Background Knowledge
Schemas and Scripts
Study Questions
Tasks
Discussion Topics/Projects
Further Reading
12 Language and the Brain
Neurolinguistics
Language Areas in the Brain
Broca's Area
Wernicke's Area
The Motor Cortex and the Arcuate Fasciculus
The Localization View
Tongue Tips and Slips
The Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon
Slips of the Tongue
Slips of the Brain
Slips of the Ear
Aphasia
Broca's Aphasia
Wernicke's Aphasia
Conduction Aphasia
Dichotic Listening
Left Brain, Right Brain
The Critical Period
Genie
Study Questions
Tasks
Discussion Topics/Projects
Further Reading
13 First Language Acquisition
Acquisition
Input
Caregiver Speech
The Acquisition Schedule
Cooing
Babbling
The One-Word Stage
The Two-Word Stage
Telegraphic Speech
The Acquisition Process
Learning through Imitation?
Learning through Correction?
Developing Phonology
Developing Morphology
Developing Syntax
Forming Questions
Forming Negatives
Developing Semantics
Later Developments
Study Questions
Tasks
Discussion Topics/Projects
Further Reading
14 Second Language Acquisition
Second Language Acquisition
Becoming Bilingual
Acquisition Barriers
The Age Factor
Affective Factors
Motivation
Focus on Teaching Method
The Grammar-Translation Method
The Audiolingual Method
Communicative Approaches
Task-Based Learning
Focus on the Learner
Transfer
Interlanguage
Input and Output
Communicative Competence
Study Questions
Tasks
Discussion Topics/Projects
Further Reading
15 Gestures and Sign Languages
Gestures
Iconics
Deictics
Beats
Types of Sign Languages
Oralism
Signed English
Origins of ASL
The Structure of Signs
Shape and Orientation
Location
Movement
Primes
Facial Expressions and Finger-Spelling
Representing Signs
The Meaning of Signs
Sign Languages as Natural Languages
Nicaraguan Sign Language
Study Questions
Tasks
Discussion Topics/Projects
Further Reading
16 Written Language
Writing
Pictograms
Ideograms
Logograms
Phonographic Writing
The Rebus Principle
Syllabic Writing
Alphabetic Writing
Written English
English Orthography
Study Questions
Tasks
Discussion Topics/Projects
Further Reading
17 Language History and Change
Family Trees
Indo-European
Cognates
Comparative Reconstruction
Comparing Cognates
Sound Reconstruction
Word Reconstruction
The History of English
Old English
Middle English
Sound Changes
Metathesis
Epenthesis
Prothesis
Syntactic Changes
Loss of Inflections
Semantic Changes
Broadening of Meaning
Narrowing of Meaning
Diachronic and Synchronic Variation
Study Questions
Tasks
Discussion Topics/Projects
Further Reading
18 Regional Variation in Language
The Standard Language
Accent and Dialect
Variation in Grammar
Dialectology
Regional Dialects
Isoglosses
Dialect Boundaries
The Dialect Continuum
Regional Bilingualism
Diglossia
Language Planning
Pidgins
Creoles
The Post-Creole Continuum
Study Questions
Tasks
Discussion Topics/Projects
Further Reading
19 Social Variation in Language
Sociolinguistics
Social Dialects
Education and Occupation
Social Markers
Speech Style and Style-Shifting
Prestige
Speech Accommodation
Convergence
Divergence
Register
Jargon
Slang
Taboo Terms
African American English
Vernacular Language
The Sounds of a Vernacular
The Grammar of a Vernacular
Study Questions
Tasks
Discussion Topics/Projects
Further Reading
20 Language and Culture
Culture
Categories
Kinship Terms
Time Concepts
Linguistic Relativity
The Sapir--Whorf Hypothesis
Against the Sapir--Whorf Hypothesis
Snow
Non-lexicalized Categories
Cognitive Categories
Classifiers
Social Categories
Address Terms
Gender
Gendered Speech
Gendered Interaction
Gender Neutral
Study Questions
Tasks
Discussion Topics/Projects
Further Reading
Glossary
References
Index

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Easy to follow, simple to understand, broad yet concise coverage - this fundamental introduction now has more study questions and tasks.

This bestselling textbook provides an engaging and user-friendly introduction to the study of language. Assuming no prior knowledge of the subject, Yule presents information in bite-sized sections, clearly explaining the major concepts in linguistics and all the key elements of language. This eighth edition has been revised and updated throughout, with major changes in the chapters on Origins, Phonetics, Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics, Discourse Analysis, First and Second Language Acquisition and Culture. There are forty new study questions and over sixty new and updated additions to the Further Readings. To increase student engagement and to foster problem-solving and critical thinking skills, the book includes over twenty new tasks. The online resources have been expanded to include test banks, an instructor manual, and a substantial Study Guide. This is the most fundamental and easy-to-use introduction to the study of language.

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