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Title page

Contents

Foreword of the President of the Committee of the Regions for the 2022 EU Annual Report on the state of regions and cities 5

Executive summary 6

Introduction 9

Chapter I. The impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine on the EU's cities and regions 10

A. Welcoming Ukrainian refugees in EU cities and regions 11

B. Approaching energy security and transition through decentralisation 18

C. Safeguarding food security by boosting the resilience of local systems 23

D. Measuring the economic impact in the EU and supporting the future reconstruction of Ukraine 26

Chapter II. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the EU's local and regional authorities 30

A. Assessing territorial COVID-19 pandemic impacts and implementing recovery plans 31

B. Promoting regions in the new EU health architecture 37

C. Mobilising cohesion policy instruments and public investment to address the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic 40

Chapter III. The climate emergency and the energy transition: the impact on the EU's cities and regions and their role in speeding up the Green Deal 44

A. The local impact of climate disasters 45

B. European Green Deal: a regional and local implementation review 51

C. Repowering Europe at local and regional level: energy security, energy efficiency and tackling poverty 56

D. Local and regional authorities as key actors of international climate cooperation 59

E. Delivering climate objectives in cities and regions with a view to COP 27 61

Chapter IV. Cohesion as an overall value of the EU: state of play of economic, social, territorial and digital cohesion 63

A. Key messages for the future of cohesion in the EU towards 2050 65

B. Automotive regions as an example for a just and fair transition 68

C. Growing digital divides in the EU and how to bridge them 73

D. Partnerships for Regional Innovation 82

Chapter V. Social Dimension of the EU in a post-COVID-19 pandemic era 85

A. Implementing the European Pillar of Social Rights 86

B. Combatting child poverty 89

C. Promoting European values through education 92

D. Tackling youth unemployment 93

Chapter VI. A Europe closer to the citizens - The contribution of local and regional authorities 97

A. The Conference on the Future of Europe: results and prospects for EU regions and cities 98

B. Regional and Local Barometer 102

C. Youth and Democracy 104

D. Women in local politics 106

E. Countering disinformation at local and regional level 111

Chapter VII. Main conclusions and policy recommendations 112

Annexes 115

List of abbreviations 115

Index of Figures 116

Figures

Figure I-1. Llano, C., European Recovery with our neighbourhoods in arms, ESPON seminar - Stronger together: recovering through crises, Lille, 1-2 June 2022 10

Figure I-A-2-1. Dobias, K., and Homem, F., EU cities and regions welcoming Ukrainian refugees - mapping multilevel coordination, 2022 Data correspond to the... 11

Figure I-A-2-2. Dobias, K., and Homem, F., EU cities and regions welcoming Ukrainian refugees - mapping multilevel coordination, 2022 Member States with less... 12

Figure I-A-3-1. Dobias, K., and Homem, F., EU cities and regions welcoming Ukrainian refugees - mapping multilevel coordination, 2022 16

Figure I-B-2-1. Eurostat, accessed in May 2022 The dependency rates for Norway (2000: -723.0%; 2020: -623.1%) are significantly negative, so they are not... 19

Figure I-B-3-1. European Committee of the Regions, on the basis of the European Commission REPowerEU factsheet 21

Figure I-D-1-1. Böhme, K., Mader Furtado, M., Toptsidou, M., Hans, S., Munch, A., Schuh, B., Badouix, M., Amichetti, C., Valenza, A., Iacobucci, E., Iacob, A.,... 27

Figure II-A-1-1. Eurostat, Gross value added decreased in all regions but four, 2022 Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Luxembourg and Malta: single regions at this level... 32

Figure II-A-2-1. Böhme, K., Mader Furtado, M., Toptsidou, M., Hans, S., Munch, A., Schuh, B., Badouix, M., Amichetti, C., Valenza, A., Iacobucci, E., Iacob, A.,... 33

Figure II-A-3-1. Committee of the Regions-CEMR, Implementation of the Recovery and Resilience Facility: the Perspective of Local and Regional Authorities - Results... 35

Figure II-A-3-2. Committee of the Regions-CEMR, Implementation of the Recovery and Resilience Facility: The Perspective of Local and Regional Authorities - Results... 36

Figure II-C-1. European Commission, Cohesion data portal 40

Figure II-C-3-1. Committee of the Regions, Memo on the implementation of CRII 41

Figure II-C-4-1. Committee of the Regions, Memo on the implementation of CRII 42

Figure III-A-1. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability (chapter 13: Europe) 45

Figure III-A-1-1. European Commission, Cohesion report towards 2050, 2022 46

Figure III-A-1-2. Lenaerts, K., Tagliapietra, S., and Guntram Wolff, G., How can the European Union adapt to climate change while avoiding a new fault line?,... 47

Figure III-A-1-3. European Commission, European wildfire danger and vulnerability in a changing climate: towards integrating risk dimensions, 2020 48

Figure III-A-1-4. European Commission, Long-term Seasonal forcast of temperature and rainfall anomalies, 2022 49

Figure III-B-1. European Committee of the Regions survey on Green Deal profiles: screening of COR members and Young Elected Politicans Commitments to 2030... 51

Figure III-B-2. European Committee of the Regions, Implementing the European Green Deal: Handbook for Local and Regional Governments, Brussels, 2022 52

Figure III-C-1-1. HEAVENN programme 57

Figure IV-A-1-1. European Commission, Cohesion report towards 2050, calculations based on JRC and Eurostat, 2022 Six capital regions have been merged with... 65

Figure IV-B-1-1. International Council on Clean Transportation, Transport could burn up the EU's entire carbon budget, 2021. 2018 total: 3.8 Gt CO2e 68

Figure IV-B-2-1. Klein, T. H. and Rubenstein, J. M., Auto production footprints: Comparing Europe and North America, 2016 69

Figure IV-C-1. IClaves and Esade, Study on post Covid measures to close the digital divide Final Report, 2021 73

Figure IV-C-1-1. European Committee of the Regions considerations and Fontana, S., Bisogni, F., Cavallini, S. and Soldi, R., Territorial foresight study in addressing... 74

Figure IV-C-1-2. European Commission, 2030 EU Digital Compass 74

Figure IV-C-2-1. Map created by Progress Consulting S.r.l. on the basis of Eurostat data accessed in May 2022 No data for Åland, Kontinentalna Hrvatska and Mayotte... 75

Figure IV-C-2-2. Eurostat, accessed in May 2022 In 2021, break in time series for Ireland and Germany 75

Figure IV-C-2-3. Eurostat, accessed in May 2022 76

Figure IV-C-2-4. Eurostat, accessed in May 2022 In 2021, break in time series for Ireland and Germany 76

Figure IV-C-2-5. Map created by Progress Consulting S.r.l. on the basis of Eurostat data, accessed in May 2022 Several data gaps (white colour) 77

Figure IV-C-3-1. European Commission, DG CONNECT, 2021 (For 5G mobile, see Figure IV-C-3-2.) 78

Figure IV-C-3-2. European Commission, DG CONNECT, 2021 78

Figure IV-C-3-3. European Commission, DG CONNECT, 2021 79

Figure IV-C-3-4. European Commission, DG CONNECT, 2021 79

Figure IV-C-4-1. Eurostat, accessed in May 2022 No data for BE, CY, DE, EL, IE, LU, PL, SI. Malta has only enterprises in predominantly urban areas 80

Figure IV-C-5-1. Map created by Progress Consulting S.r.l. on the basis of Eurostat data, accessed in May 2022 No data for Åland, Mayotte and Kontinentalna... 80

Figure IV-C-5-2. Map created by Progress Consulting S.r.l. on the basis of Eurostat data, accessed in May 2022 No data for Åland, Mayotte and Kontinentalna... 81

Figure IV-D-1-1. Participation in the Pilot Action on Partnerships for Regional Innovation 83

Figure V-A-1. Eurostat, accessed in May 2022 Data not available due to very low reliability 86

Figure V-A-2. Eurostat, accessed in May 2022 86

Figure V-A-3. Eurostat, accessed in May 2022 87

Figure V-A-4. Eurostat, accessed in May 2022 87

Figure V-A-5. Eurostat, accessed in May 2022 88

Figure V-B-1-1. Eurostat, Children at risk of poverty or social exclusion, 2021 89

Figure V-B-1-2. European Commission, Factsheet: the European Child Guarantee, 2021 90

Figure V-D-1-1. Eurostat, accessed in May 2022 93

Figure V-D-1-2. Eurostat, accessed in May 2022 Ceuta, Melilla: low reliable data 94

Figure V-D-1-3. Eurostat, accessed in May 2022 Data with low reliability: Severozapaden (BG31), Ionia Nisia (EL62), Ceuta (ES63), Melilla (ES64) and Łódzkie (PL71) 94

Figure V-D-1-4. Eurostat, accessed in May 2022 95

Figure V-D-2-1. Eurostat, accessed in May 2022 Ranked on the average share of men and women (aged 15-29) 96

Figure VI-B-1. IPSOS Flash Eurobarometer "Local politicians of the EU and the future of Europe" 102

Figure VI-C-1. Gauci, J.-P., Beqiraj, J., Wenton, A., and Anastasiadou, I., The State of Local and Regional Democracy - A Youth Perspective, study commissioned... 104

Figure VI-D-1-1. European Commission, Cohesion report towards 2050, data from European Institute for Gender Equality, 2021 106

Figure VI-D-2-1. Inter-Parliamentary Union and the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, Sexism, harassment and violence against women in parliaments... 108

Figure VI-E-1. Bruggemann, S., Kutlu, N., Muller-Török, R., Prosser, A., Rucinska, S., Szadeczky, T. and Vrabie, C., Counterfake. A scientific basis for a policy fighting... 111

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