https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/cadfc37b-e2ff-4ff9-a79b-b8b7245a296c
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Title page
Contents
Foreword 14
Acknowledgements 16
Overview 18
Abbreviations 26
Introduction 28
Background 28
Turning Global Trends into Opportunities 31
What Are the Main Contributions of This Book? 32
Notes 34
References 34
PART 1. Digitalization of Businesses in Africa 36
CHAPTER 1. Making Full Use of Digitalization: Where Do Businesses 37
Key Messages 37
Introduction 38
Setting the Stage: What Is Firm Digitalization About? 38
Measuring Incomplete Digitalization 39
Three Layers of Digital Gaps across Firms 44
Digital Payments as Entry and End Points 51
Low Digital Use among Microbusinesses and Informal Businesses 55
Digitalization of Sector-Specific Technologies 58
Summing Up 61
Notes 62
References 63
CHAPTER 2. Economywide Effects of Digitalization 65
Key Messages 65
Introduction 66
Economic Impact of Digitalization: What Are the Channels? 66
Potential Effects of Digital Upgrading in Africa 72
Summing Up 86
Notes 86
References 87
CHAPTER 3. Drivers of Adoption and the Cost of Technology 90
Key Messages 90
Introduction 90
Drivers of Digital Adoption by Firms 91
Digital Infrastructure and Electricity 93
Cost of Technology Upgrade in Africa 96
human Capital and Access to Finance 101
Competition, Demand, and Trade Costs 108
Firm Capabilities 110
Summing Up 112
Notes 113
References 113
PART 2. Mobilizing Private Investment to Boost Digitalization and Development 116
CHAPTER 4. Investment Opportunities in Digital Infrastructure 117
Key Messages 117
Introduction 117
Addressing Gaps in Digital Infrastructure in Africa 118
Strengthening Digital Infrastructure Can Improve Service Affordability for End Users 121
Investment Opportunities in Middle- and Last-Mile Digital Infrastructure 124
Regulatory Reforms Can Maximize the Impact of Digital Infrastructure Expansion 131
Summing Up 134
Notes 134
References 135
CHAPTER 5. Tech Start-Ups and Digital Platforms 137
Key Messages 137
Introduction 138
Role of Digital Tech Firms in the Success of Mobile Payments in Africa 138
Landscape of Digital Entrepreneurship in Africa 140
Are Digital Tech Firms Enabling the Use of Disruptive Technologies? 145
Boosting the Pipeline of Meaningful Projects in Digital Tech 154
Summing Up 159
Notes 159
References 160
CHAPTER 6. Financing Digitalization of Businesses in Africa 164
Key Messages 164
Introduction 164
Financing the Digital Transformation in Africa 165
Investment in Digital Infrastructure 167
Funding of Disruptive Tech Start-Ups 168
Financing Firms' Digital Upgrade 176
Reducing the Cost of Financial Capital 178
Notes 182
References 182
CHAPTER 7. Policies to Unlock Digital Private Investment 186
Key Messages 186
Introduction 187
The Role of Policies 187
Trade and Market Integration Policies 189
Broader Regulatory Reforms and Public Programs 193
Priority Actions for Countries and DFIs 198
Concluding Remarks 199
Notes 200
References 200
APPENDIX A. Firm-level Adoption of Technology and Research ICT Africa Surveys 203
FIGURE O.1. Degrees of Incomplete Digitalization 19
FIGURE O.2. Prices of Digital and Nondigital Products, by Region, Relative to the United States 22
FIGURE O.3. Incomplete Digitalization, Investment Opportunities, and Policies 23
FIGURE I.1. Mobile Telephony Diffusion in Africa-A Rare Example of Leapfrogging 28
FIGURE I.2. Reaping the Digital Dividend-From Availability to Productive Use 30
FIGURE 1.1. Digitalization Is a Continuous Process across Business Functions 39
FIGURE 1.2. Degrees of Incomplete Digitalization 41
FIGURE 1.3. Completing Digitalization and Productivity 42
FIGURE 1.4. Degrees of Incomplete Digitalization, by Country Group 43
FIGURE 1.5. Percentage of Firms Adopting Digital Enablers 45
FIGURE 1.6. African Firms' Mobile Phone, Computer, and Internet Uptake Gap as Compared to Other Regions 46
FIGURE 1.7. Adoption of Digital Technologies Varies across Business Functions 47
FIGURE 1.8. Intensive Use of Digital Technologies Varies across Business Functions 49
FIGURE 1.9. Incomplete Digitalization in Productive Use of Advanced Digital Technologies 50
FIGURE 1.10. Digitalization Classification by Adoption of Advanced Digital Technologies in Each GBF 51
FIGURE 1.11. Digital Payments as the Entry and End Points for Digitalization 52
FIGURE 1.12. Use of Digital Technologies by Business Function across Size Groups in African Businesses 53
FIGURE 1.13. Intensive Use of Digital Technologies by Business Function across Size Groups in African Businesses 54
FIGURE 1.14. Adoption of Digital Technologies in GBFs by Informal and Microbusinesses 56
FIGURE 1.15. Digital Diffusion across Large Firms in Africa, by Sector 59
FIGURE 1.16. Sector-Specific Digital Technologies Adopted in Agriculture and Food Processing 60
FIGURE 1.17. Sector-Specific Digital Technologies Adopted in Services 61
FIGURE 2.1. Firm-Level Digitalization Is Associated with Higher Productivity 67
FIGURE 2.2. Arrival of Fast Internet Improves Firm Entry and Greenfield FDI 70
FIGURE 2.3. Market Potential for Digital Upgrading and More Intensive Use for Business Administration Technology 80
FIGURE 2.4. Estimated Gains in Workers' Access to Digital Technology for Business Administration in Africa, through Upgrading of Potential Firms 83
FIGURE 2.5. Estimated Gains in Worker Access to Advanced Business Administration Technology, Burkina Faso 84
FIGURE 3.1. Drivers of Technology Adoption 92
FIGURE 3.2. Cost of Mobile and Broadband Internet as a Percentage of Per Capita Gross National Income 94
FIGURE 3.3. Price-Level Indices for Goods and Services, in Sub-Saharan Africa and North Africa, Relative to the World Average 97
FIGURE 3.4. Prices of Digital and Nondigital Products, by Region, Relative to the United States 98
FIGURE 3.5. Correlation between Per Capita GDP and Price for Standard Software 99
FIGURE 3.6. Access to Finance and Digitalization 107
FIGURE 3.7. Competition Is a Key Driver of Technology Upgrading 108
FIGURE 3.8. Digitalization and Firm Capabilities in Africa 110
FIGURE 4.1. Digital Infrastructure 119
FIGURE 4.2. Digital Infrastructure Gaps and Trends in Africa 120
FIGURE 4.3. Average Revenue and Capital Expenditure per User in the Telecom Sector, 2022 123
FIGURE 4.4. Capex Needs Associated with Growth in International Internet Bandwidth 129
FIGURE 4.5. State of Telecom Regulation in Africa, 2020 132
FIGURE 4.6. Enhancing Effects of Regulatory Reforms on Mobile Broadband 133
FIGURE 5.1. Mobile Money Accounts and Mobile Subscriptions 140
FIGURE 5.2. The Tech Start-Up Ecosystem in Africa Is Booming 141
FIGURE 5.3. Almost Half of Africa's Tech Firms Focus on IT Services 144
FIGURE 5.4. Use of Disruptive Technologies in Africa, Latin America, and Frontier Locations 149
FIGURE 5.5. Age Profile of Disruptive Technologies 150
FIGURE 5.6. Being Disruptive Attracts 40 Percent More Funds for African Firms 151
FIGURE 5.7. Probability of Obtaining Funding on the Basis of Founder and Firm-Level Characteristics in Africa 153
FIGURE 5.8. Number of Agtech Services in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, by Use Case, 2009-19 158
FIGURE 6.1. Private Investment in ICT Projects 167
FIGURE 6.2. Investment Levels in ICT Projects, by Region 168
FIGURE 6.3. Funding of African Tech Firms, by Funding Type 169
FIGURE 6.4. Early-Stage African Tech Firms Are Less Well Funded Than Their Peers in Other Regions 170
FIGURE 6.5. Funding in Africa Is Fueled from Abroad 171
FIGURE 6.6. African Firms Find It Harder to Get Loans for Tech Upgrades 176
FIGURE 6.7. Financing Gap for Formal Firms' Digitalization 177
FIGURE 6.8. Average Sector-Specific Risk across Emerging Markets and Developing Economies Using Industry Betas 179
Maps
MAP 2.1. Current Market Size of Technology Adoption for Business Administration 77
MAP 2.2. Percentage of Firms Using One Type of Business Administration Technology That Could Upgrade to the Next Level 81
MAP 3.1. High-Skill Human Capital in Sub-Saharan Africa Is Expensive 104
MAP 5.1. Geographical Concentration of Tech Firms 143
Boxes
BOX 1.1. The Digital Gap among Rural Microbusinesses 57
BOX 2.1. How Does Digitalization Occur in the Firm When Internet Access Improves? 68
BOX 2.2. Digitalization Spillovers from Formal to Informal Firms 71
BOX 2.3. How Many Firms Are There in Africa? 73
BOX 2.4. Estimating the Potential Market for Digital Adoption across African Firms 78
BOX 2.5. Estimating Firm and Worker Access to Technology in Africa 85
BOX 3.1. Is Digital Upgrading by Firms in Africa an Optimal Decision? 93
BOX 3.2. Digitalization and Access to Electricity 95
BOX 3.3. Digital Investment Escalator in Kenya 100
BOX 3.4. Barriers to Technology Adoption in Agriculture 102
BOX 3.5. Tech Talent Migration 105
BOX 3.6. Digital Technology Adoption: Subsidizing Learning Costs for Firms in India 111
BOX 4.1. Methodology of the Study on the Impact of Submarine Cables on Internet Access Price 123
BOX 4.2. Selected Success Stories of Digital Infrastructure Expansion in Africa 125
BOX 4.3. Total Investment Needs-Why Do Estimates Vary? 128
BOX 4.4. Cloud Computing and Enterprise Technology Solutions in Africa 130
BOX 5.1. What Are Disruptive Technologies? 146
BOX 5.2. How Can African Firms Best Leverage Artificial Intelligence for Their Success? 147
BOX 5.3. Turning Market Gaps into Opportunities: E-commerce 154
BOX 6.1. Mobilizing Finance for Digitalization 166
BOX 6.2. What Do Start-Ups in Africa Want and Need? 173
BOX 6.3. Combining Mobile Money with Traditional Financial Services Boosts Productivity 180
BOX 7.1. Policy Priorities: Diagnostic Checklist to Facilitate Technology Adoption 188
BOX 7.2. Will the African Continental Free Trade Area Reduce Prices and Increase Trade of Digital Goods in Africa? 191
Box Tables
TABLE B3.5.1. Migration of Tech Skills 106
Box Figures
FIGURE B1.1.1. Use of Digital Enablers and Digital Technologies by African Microbusinesses 57
FIGURE B2.2.1. Closer Proximity to Formal Firms Increases Digital Adoption among Informal Firms 71
FIGURE B2.3.1. Correlation of Firm Density and GDP per Capita 74
FIGURE B2.3.2. Market Size: The Universe of Businesses in Africa 75
FIGURE B2.4.1. Estimated Propensity Scores for Adoption and Intensive Use of Digital Technology 79
FIGURE B3.2.1. Internet Use and Access to Electricity in Africa 95
FIGURE B3.4.1. Agricultural Technologies Are More Expensive for Firms in Sub-Saharan Africa 103
FIGURE B6.2.1. Funding Preferences of Start-Ups 174
FIGURE B6.3.1. Effects of Finance and Mobile Money on Productivity 181
FIGURE B7.2.1. Expected Change in Tariffs after Implementation of the AfCFTA by 2030 192
출판사 책소개
Adoption of digital technologies is widely acknowledged to boost productivity and employment, stimulate investment, and promote growth and development. Africa has already benefited from a rapid diffusion of information and communications technology, characterized by the widespread adoption of mobile phones. However, access to and use of digital technology among firms is uneven in the region, varying not just among countries but also within them. Consequently, African businesses may not be reaping the full potential benefits offered by ongoing improvements in digital infrastructure. Using rich datasets, Digital Opportunities in African Businesses offers a new understanding of the region's incomplete digitalization--namely, shortfalls in the adoption and effective use of digital technology by firms to perform productive tasks. The research presented here also highlights the challenges in addressing incomplete digitalization, finding that the cost of machinery, equipment, and software, as well as the cost of connectivity to the internet, is significantly more expensive in Africa than elsewhere. Digital Opportunities in African Businesses outlines ways in which the private sector, with support from policy makers, international institutions, and regulators, can help bring down these costs, stimulating more widespread digitalization of the region's firms, thereby boosting productivity and, by extension, economic development. This book will be relevant to anyone with an interest in furthering digitalization across Africa. ------------------------------------------- It is clear that new digital technologies are opening up new opportunities for economic growth. But will African firms be able to take advantage of them? If so, how? To gain traction on these questions, we first need careful empirical research on what firms are currently doing, and rigorous thinking about what is getting in the way of greater adoption. This book delivers on both dimensions. It marries carefully collected new evidence with thoughtful, no-nonsense analysis of firm behavior and how markets are evolving. It is highly recommended reading for researchers and policymakers alike. -- Eric Verhoogen, Professor of International and Public Affairs and of Economics, Columbia University
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